A few things to note:
This isn't my study guide...so it's not in order. Also, I'm not sure everything is on here, but it's the best I could do last minute! Good luck!
1. The Franks- They are considered to be one of the strongest Germanic groups (if not the strongest). After the fall of Rome they were the most important Germanic tribe. Under their leader Clovis, they converted to Christianity, which gave support to the Pope. Their kingdom eventually turns into the lands of France, but it is beforehand called Gaul.
2. Clovis- He was a brutal and wily warrior who became king of the Franks in AD 481. Clovis became the first Germanic ruler to accept Christianity. That in turn led the Franks to be a Christian people. His military victories and his religious conversion gave his throne stability.
3. Charles Martel- Power in the Frankish Kingdom gradually passed from kings to government officials known as mayors of the palace. In AD 714 Charles Martel or "Charles the Hammer" became mayor of the palace. When Muslim forces threatened Europe, Charles led the successful defense of Tours in France. This victory won him great prestige and ensured that Christianity would remain the dominant religion of Europe.
4. Charlemagne- He is the grandson of Charles Martel, son of Pepin the Short. He is also called Charles the Great. Charlemagne was one of Europe's great monarchs. During his reign Charlemagne nearly doubled the borders of his kingdom to include Germany, France, northern Spain, and most of Italy. This territory would be referred to collectively as the Frankish Empire. Consequently, most western Europeans were ruled by one government and this had not been so since the fall of the Rome. He is crowned by the Pope as the Holy Roman Emperor on 12-25-800, to try to signify a rebirth of the Roman Empire.
5. Muslims, Magyars, and Vikings- Europe was weakened by internal conflicts, especially the Frankish Empire. Invasions from the Muslims, Magyars, and Vikings nearly destroyed them. The Vikings were the most dangerous; these were Germanic people from the land of Scandinavia, which attacked from the North. Though, the Muslims probably conquered the most land, and attacked from the South. The Magyars attacked from the east (Asia).
6. William the Conqueror- He conquered England in 1066 at the Battle of Hastings. He was a Viking, who defeated the Saxons to take over England.
7. Battle of Hastings- This is the battle in 1066 where William the Conqueror gained control of England.
8. Otto the Great- He was from the German tribe of the Saxons. He fought the Magyars from the East. In 962, he becomes the Holy Roman Emperor.
9. Economic Life in the Early Middle Ages- The cities decline and agriculture also falls tremendously. The roads fall into disrepair, and a barter economy replaces the money economy.
10. Feudalism- This is the ties and obligations that bind a vassal to his lord.
11. Manorialism- This is like a money system. The kings would award pieces of property to people who provided services or were loyal.
12. The Church- This basically becomes the center of every person’s life in the Middle Ages. Pope Gregory I really strengthened the power of the Church, and established it with many powers.
13. Gregory I- He is the Pope of the Catholic Church from approx. 590-640 AD. He centralized church administration, advanced the idea of penance, established or reinstated the idea of Purgatory, and is really the first secular and spiritual leader of the Papal States.
14. Benedictines- This is a group of monks that helped institute Latin in the Catholic Church. They also believed in the principles of poverty, chastity, and obedience. They believed you were supposed to follow the abbot of a monastery.
15. Iconoclasm Controversy- This was the controversy over whether there should be any images in holy places or of religious subjects. They believed this was idolatrous, and many people split over this controversy.
16. Cluniac Movement- This was a movement in the early centuries A.D. to reform the more worldly aspects of the clergy.
17. Literacy- Being able to read and write nearly disappears during these next few years, but such works as Beowolf and the History of England come out of this time, though.
18. The Carolingian Renaissance- This is the time period of Charlemagne, where he encourages the knowledge of trades and other subjects, and the establishment of many schools.
The Byzantine Empire
19. Constantinople- This is the center of Byzantine civilization, Constantine moves the capital here and it becomes an important trade city between the East and West.
20. Justinian’s Reign and Influence- He is known for his codification of Roman law. He expands his empire to control much of what used to be the Roman Empire. Though, he spends a lot of money to do this, and loses much of his possessions by the time of his death.
21. The Nika Riot- This is where the city of Constantinople is burned and destroyed under the reign of Justinian, as a rebellion against him. Though, he uses this to help rebuild and beautify Constantinople.
22. Belisarius- He corralled rebels and massacred many thousands by trying to take over the much of the Mediterranean world that had been lost by the Romans. He is a famous general, and leads a last effort to reunite Europe.
23. Church of Santa Sofia- Also known as the Hagia Sophia. It is known as the Church of Holy Wisdom, it is an unbelievable architectural feat, and was built under Justinian.
24. Greek Fire- This was used in many naval battles and would burn many ships to the ground. It could even withstand moderate amounts of water, and still cause flames or a fire.
25. The Macedonian Dynasty- This is the dynasty after Charlemagne. It lasts for about 2 centuries and is a fairly peaceable time. The empire is greatly expanded during this time.
26. Vladimir- He marries the Byzantines emperor’s sister and he sends monks into Russia. So he begins the spread of Christianity throughout Europe.
27. Alexius Comnenus- He is the leader of the Byzantines during the late 11th Century. He is besieged by the Muslims and calls on Pope Urban II to help him in his troubles.
28. Pope Urban II- He is the Pope who calls on Europe to regain the Holy Lands, and the lands around Palestine, known as the Crusades. He also organizes the Council of Clermont to help the Byzantines and to regain the lands of Jerusalem.
29. The Ottoman Turks- They’re the Muslims that lived in the Middle East, and conquered much of the lands of the Byzantines. They consume the Byzantine Empire.
30. Orthodox Christianity- They break with the Roman Catholic Church, and separates the European empire into West and East regions. The East goes against some of the subscribed beliefs of the Western church like in the Nicean Creed and thus establishes the Orthodox Church.
31. Disputes with the West- As mentioned they went against many of the prescribed beliefs like disclaiming the popularity of Mary, and saying that Christ was not a human he was just a divine being.
32. The Five Patriarchs- This is a group of 5 locations with none of them being supreme: Rome, Constantinople, Jerusalem, Antioch, and Alexandria.
33. The Great Schism (1054) - This is the break where the East and West branches of Christianity break apart. You get the Eastern Orthodox and Roman Catholic branches.
34. Cyrillic- This is an alphabet that is developed and mainly used In the Slavic or Russian regions of Europe around the 10th or 11th Centuries.
35. Islamic Civilization- This civilization begins in Arabia, with the teachings of Mohammed. It centers on the religion of Islam, and the belief In the god Allah.
36. Mohammed- He is said to be the Prophet of Islam. He experienced visions in which he heard a voice calling him to be an apostle to the one true deity of Allah. He preached that there is only one God. He also left Mecca, and gained followers in Medina, and then came back and conquered Mecca.
37. Rise of Islam- This starts with the teachings of Mohammed and when he gains followers in Medina and goes back to Mecca where he was born and takes over much of the territory and converts or forces many people to believe in the idea of Islam.
38. Mecca and Medina- These are the two major cities in the life of Mohammad, he was born in Mecca, then traveled to Medina, where he gained supporters. Then he traveled back to Mecca, and it became the center of Islam.
39. The Five Pillars- 1. There is only one God, and Mohammed is his prophet. 2. Every Muslim is to pray five times a day facing Mecca. 3. Every Muslim must perform charitable acts or give to the poor. 4. Every Muslim must fast during the daylight hours of Ramadan. 5. Every Muslim must take a holy pilgrimage to Mecca or support pilgrimages if they are able.
40. The Koran- This is the sacred teachings or the holy book for the religion of Islam.
41. Moral and Social Teachings- They teach in a prohibitionist religion (no alcohol, gambling, etc.) Also, polygamy is accepted with up to 4 wives, only if you can support them and treat them equally.
42. Expansion of Islam- After Mohammed dies, there is a struggle for power, but soon after they establish the leadership for the Muslims, they start to spread their religion mainly be fighting multiple wars and bringing infidels under their power.
43. The Caliphs- Rulers after Mohammed died. They succeeded Mohammed. The first was Abu Bakr.
44. Abu Bakr, Omar, Othman and Ali- This group of caliphs are known as the Rightly Guided Caliphs. They slowly take control of Arabia (Abu Bakr), leads successful campaigns throughout the Byzantine Empire (Omar), the Koran is compiled (Othman), said that the rulers of Islam had to be descendants of Mohammed (Ali)
45. The Omayyad’s- This is a very successful time for the Muslims; they come from Mecca and come after Ali. They had one of the largest empires in history.
46. The Abbasids- They overthrow the Omayyad’s. They are the 3rd Dynasty of Caliphs. They rule from 750-1258, when the Mongols overtake them.
47. Avicenna and Averroes- Avicenna compiled a encyclopedia of medical knowledge and was devoted to the study of Aristotle and Christianity. Averroes compiled commentaries on Aristotle’s work that were used by many western scholars.
48. Culture, Contributions, Art-
The High Middle Ages
49. Agricultural Revolution- With many new developments like the 3 field system and other things, the population grew from about 38 to 75 million.
50. Sources of Power- The two major sources of power are wind and water with the windmill and the waterwheel. They had fallen into disuse during the Early Middle Ages.
51. Climatic Change- From about 750-1200, Europe receives a period of global warming, that helps pick up civilization and makes it grow.
52. The Horse- The horse played a significant role in the development of agriculture as it was more effective than the mule
53. Three Field System – a new innovation switch in agriculture from the 2 field system; One field featured legumes, one field empty, and one field housed oats/wheat.
54. The Manor System -
55. Francis of Assisi (Franciscans) – devote catholic, who gave up his wealth for a live of poverty, based on the guild of Christ’s will. He founded the Franciscan Order, the woman’s Order of St. Clare, and the lay Third Order of Saint Francis
56. Dominicans-
57. The Nobility-
58. Knights-
59. Chivalry- The code of Knighthood. The rules, actions, and manners of a knight. Being courteous, especially towards the ladies.
60. Growth of Urban Life-
61. Guilds- Groups of similar craftsman, who worked together. They would later be the base for universities.
62. Money Economy-
63. The HRE Investiture Controversy-
64. Hapsburgs-
65. German Dynasties-
66. English Dynasties-
67. Henry II-
68. Richard the Lionhearted – Leader of The Third Crusade, made contract with Saladin
69. John-
70. Magna Carta- Signed by king John
71. Edward I and Parliament- Needed the Parliament for Money, but in turn Gave up some of his power to The Parliament
72. Troubadours-
73. The Catastrophic 14th Century- Tempature increase, war; 100 years war, overpopulated cities, Plague
74. France-
75. The Capetians- Oldest and largest Royal house dynasty
76. Hugh Capet- the first King of France of the eponymous Capetian dynasty
77. Louis the Fat- First significant French leader; first member of the house of Cabot
78. Albigensians-
79. Spain –
80. Moorish Spain-
81. Cordoba-
82. Reconquista- Taking back Spain from the Muslims
83. El Cid- Famous Knight who fought against the Muslims in Spain
84. Granada- The last strong hold for the Muslims
85. Teutonic Knights- German Knights who served in the Crusades
86. Tartars-
87. The Church in the High Middle Ages-
88. Cult of the Virgin -
89. The Crusades – Reopened Europe
90. Peter the Hermit – Lead the first crusade, Launched by Pope Urban II at The council of Clermont
91. Saladin- signed contract with Richard The Lion Heart; allowing for Christians to safely travel to the holy lands, controlled by the Muslims
92. Consequences of the Crusades- allowed Europe to “rediscovery trade”
93. Universities-
94. Scholasticism- Based on reasoning
95. St. Anselm, Abelard, Thomas Aquinas-
96. Rediscovery of Aristotle – Made Europeans relies how broad knowledge could go
97. Roger Bacon- He is the English scientist who created the modern scientific method
98. Chunson de Geste - "songs of heroic deeds” are the epic poems that appear at the dawn of French literature
