1. Paleolithic Period: “Old stone age”-lasts till about 10,000 BC, hunters/gatherers, very small human population, very little advancement, primitive fish hooks sewing of animal hide, cave drawings, ended with the retreat of the glaciers and the extinction of animals.
2. Neolithic Period: “New stone age”-10,000-6,000 BC-small animals, domestication of animals, and the establishment of systematic agriculture = more dependent food supply, beginning of semi-permanent villages, wood working, farm tools, pottery, textiles, and bronze(also called bronze age)
3. Agricultural Revolution: Leads to trade-before this, famine was frequent-leads to the establishment of civilization (along with writing), gave humans relative control over their food supply.
4. Civilization: 4,000 BC-Mesopotamia or the land between the Tigris and Euphrates. The Fertile Crescent. Sumer was the first recorded culture with cuneiform.
5. Mesopotamia Civilization: Tigris & Euphrates River. Sumer was the main city. Sustained by an arc of land called the Fertile Crescent. Oldest Civilization. Sargon formed the 1st empire here. plagued by unpredictable floods and weather patterns, the climate and geography caused the need for order, which led to the rise of the first true civilizations.
6. Sumer: Bottom of Mesopotamia. Modern-day Iraq. Cuneiform appeared here. The Epic of Gilgamesh appeared here. The first culture to be recorded, and to have all elements of civilization(Art, writing, religion, ag, law, and urban life.) 12 city-states Ziggurat was at the center.
7. The Epic of Gilgamesh: 1st known epic. Tells the story of Gilgamesh & Enkidu. Foretells the “Great Flood”. Story of man’s quest for immortality. Written in cuneiform.
8. Sargon: Formed 1st empire- Akkadian empire-took over Sumer from neighboring Akkad, adapted sumerian culture. United Akkadia and Sumer.
9. Old Babylonians: Defeated Sargon-established new capital at Babylon-led by King Hammurabi, NOT biblical
10. Assyrians: Defeated Old Babylonians-horseback warriors-created the greatest empire thus far-maintained control of the Fertile Crescent and Egypt-established capital at Nineveh-developed road systems, extremely ruthless people. Built great library with 22,000 cuneiform tablets(King Ashurbanipal’s Library at Nineveh).
11. Chaldeans (New Babylonians): Rebuilt Babylon under King Nebuchadnezzar -around 600 BC (like it matters)-the Hanging Gardens were built for Neb’s wife. Jerusalem was destroyed-Hebrews were taken captive = Bible. They also were very good at astrology, woo.
12. Neb: King of New Babylon-built Hanging Gardens-had some serious issues with Hebrews… destroyed Jerusalem
13. Cyrus: King of Persia-united all of Persia by defeating New Babylon-New capital was at Persepolis-adopted Zoroastrianism-very tolerant-accepted as King by all, even them there Hebrews
14. The Persians: Believed in Zoroastrianism- led by Cyrus The Great-overtook New Babylonians, divided into satrapies for efficiency, each ruled by a dynastic governor that answered directly to the king of persia, greatest empire the world had ever seen to that point. religious freedom in each province, brought egypt, middle east, indus valley, and greece under their control.
15. Hammurabi & His Code: 1st law code. 1. Unequal class punishment 2. Eye for an eye 3. Semi-private admin. of justice (self-administration, revenge is totally cool)
16. Cuneiform: 3,500 BC-Sumerians-1st dvlp. of writing, primary writing system of the middle east(until the egyptians and Phoenicians) We can read it!
17. Sumerian Contributions: Cuneiform, base 60 number system, several agricultural techniques(irrigation, canals, etc,) lit, the basis of world civ.
18. Zoroastrianism: Persian religion-quazi-monotheistic-dualism between (good) Ahura-mazda and (evil) Ahriman, Zoroaster was very obviously the founder-he called it the “true religion”, internal struggle for good and the light, good wins
19. Egypt: Herodotus called it “the gift of the Nile”-Lower = North, Upper = South-it was separated into 3 kingdoms-the longest and arguably the most prosperous of the ancient middle eastern civilizations
20. Gift of the Nile: Controllable and predicatable flooding = rich soil = urban areas around rich soil. 7-12 mile off the the Nile which provided the Egyptians with enough farmland to sustain the civ.
21. Narmer/Menes: 1st Pharaoh-united Upper & Lower Egypt, wore both crowns.
22. Pharoah: King of the people-viewed as a god, the extension of the sun god Ra, Horus on earth, all powerful.
23. The Old Kingdom: age of the great pyramids, memphis, formation of the massive polytheistic religion, very stable, pharaoh was not personable, ma’at, cult of osiris was for pharaohs, noble and rich peeps.
24. Memphis: Capital of Old Kingdom
25. Thebes: Capital of Middle Kingdom (and most of New Kingdom)
26. Hyksos: 3 contributions: 1. Horse 2. Chariot 3. Body Armor. Took over Egypt during Middle Kingdom. Finally enslaved or driven out by the Egyptians.
27. The New Kingdom: Empire Period-greatest power achieved under Thutmose III-2 new Egyptian social classes appeared: soldiers and slaves, time of conquering.
28. Ma’at: “rule book” for Pharoahs in governing their people, the Ancient Egyptian concept of truth, balance, order, law, morality, and justice. Ma'at was also personified as a goddess regulating the stars, seasons, and the actions of both mortals and the deities, who set the order of the universe.
29. Hatsheput: 1st female ruler-18th dynasty-dressed as male-her name was later erased from temples by her successor son
30. Ra: god of sun, thought to be the heavenly body of the pharaoh
31. Ka: The soul in Egyptian culture, reason for mummification, Egyptian concept of vital essence, that which distinguishes the difference between a living and a dead person, with death occurring when the ka left the body. had to be kept alive, put stuff in tombs to satisfy it, kinda weird.
32. Step Pyramid: 1st pyramid ever built
33. Osiris Cult: A cult in worship of Osiris, god of the afterlife-played into the burial rituals-reserved for the pharaoh and nobles in old, then to all by new kingdom. called for extensive mummification and satisfaction of the Ka.
34. Amenhotep/Akhenaton: introduced monotheism-worship of Aten-closed all other religious temples-opened largest temple in Ancient world, reverted to tradition my King Tut cause it didn’t work well.
35. The Edwin Smith Papyrus: Smith found papyrus that described medical cases in detail-showed diagnosis and treatment-Egyptians believed sickness was natural phenomenon.
36. Phoenicians: sea-farers, dvlp. 1st true alphabet, also created a lovely purple dye, alphabet adopted by Greece and Rome.
37. Arameans: developed Aramaic = commercial language of fertile crescent…and Jesus = international language, Damascus, desert traders
38. Hebrew: Jews, God’s chosen people, founded Israel and Jerusalem, developed the concept of ethical monotheism. Saul, David, Solomon, read notes-(theres a lot of stuff on them, mostly lame)
39. Abraham: father of the Hebrew, left Ur and led followers to Herram where God revealed himself
40. Saul: 1st king of Hebrews in the 11th century
41. David: Established Jerusalem-defeated Philistines
42. Solomon: Greatest Hebrew power for king-built the Great Palace of Jerusalem-700 wives (pimpin’)-overtaxed the people = demise of kingdom
43. Babylonian Captivity: New Babylonians, under King Neb, take Hebrews captive = Bible written-remain captive until Cyrus (Persians)
44. Hebrew Religion: Monotheistic-God was transcendent (created nature, but not of nature)-God gave people freewill-the Jews, led way to many world religions.
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