Sunday, October 2, 2011

Rome- Republic, Empire, and the Fall

Etruscans- Rulers of Rome before driven out, harsh kings, led to Rome’s Republic. Northern Italy, literate(can’t be deciphered), driven out because of rape of a virtuous roman woman.

Senate- Governing body of the Roman republic, 100-300 hundred patrician senators, voted on laws for both classes, for a long time no plebeians.

Patricians- Wealthy land owner aristocrats, also the ruling class of the roman republic

Plebeians- The lower class in Rome. Not exactly poor, just not of noble blood or enough land

Tribunes- had the right to convene the plebeian council, and to act as the president. Right to proposed legislation before it. had the power to veto actions taken by magistrates, and specifically to intervene legally on behalf of plebeians. The tribune could also summon the Senate and lay proposals before it.

Punic Wars- 1- Carthage V Rome. Rome won easily b/c of strong navy, won Sicily and other islands off of italy.
2- War of revenge by hannibal, carth. broke the lenient peace treaty the ended the 1st, han led army through spain and down to italy through the alps, elephant guy, fought in/around rome for 10 yrs, Gec. Scipio led army to carthage itself, carth surrendered at zamos. Rome gained west med(including spain)
3- cado- “rome must be destroyed” - 149bc rome launched a preemptive war to totally destroy carthage. killed or enslaved everybody, poured salt on ground to prevent farming

Gracchi Brothers- Gaius and tiberius, formed the populares mvmt. Tiberius- limited land ownership- killed w. chair, gaius- welfare to poor-committed suicide.

Pop. revolt- upper gov. officials lost some power when it was given to the mil. grew into the 12 tables which wrote down law code for the first time since Hammurabi

1st Triumvirate- Caesar, Pompey, and Crassus- three very powerful roman generals. crassus dies, leaved the other 2 to battle for power. caesar was very popular, seized power, became the dictator

Julius Caesar- extremely well liked general who made fame while in Gaul suppressing the celts. Crossed the rubicon, first in a long live of princeps(first citizen) or later on emperors

Pompey- Part of the 1st triumvirate, helped crush the Spartacus rebellion w/ caesar, very powerful general

Brutus and Cassius- thought caesar became too powerful, plotted his assassination. they loved rome more. stabbed 23 time with conspirators, the ides of march
Mark Antony- Caesar’s most trusted general under him, turned rome against assassins, eventually fight Octavian for control of rome, love affair with cleopatra
Octavian- Caesars adopted son, willed estate and army to him, fought Antony for control of rome ,won, senate gave him the title of princep, and renamed him augustus

Augustus- the new name of octavian, the new emperor, maintained republican appearance, gave land out, didnt name successor

Pax Romana- the 1000 years that rome dominated europe, and the time of no major external conflicts or wars.

Justinian- Last that tries to reconnect the western and eastern empires, after he fails, the west goes into the middle ages while the east continues to thrive, codified law- justinian code, compiled roman law, first sine 12 tables.

Virgil- Wrote the Aeneid, linked Grecian history with rome, it was romes duty to govern the world, golden

horace- roman lyric poet during the augustan age, odes, live for today, golden age

Juvenal- satiric, fater of the satires, silver age

Martial- best known for his twelve books of Epigrams, published in Rome between AD 86 and 103, during the reigns of the emperors Domitian, Nerva and Trajan. In these short, witty poems he cheerfully satirises city life and the scandalous activities of his acquaintances, and romanticises his provincial upbringing. He wrote a total of 1,561, of which 1,235 are in elegiac couplets. He is considered to be the creator of the modern epigram.

Romance Languages- the Italic languages subfamily, comprising all the languages that descend from Vulgar Latin, the language of ancient Rome. Spanish Portugeese, french,italian, romanian, catalan- six most popular

Christian Martyrs- St. perpetua and St.felicity, st. perter, ect. people who died by being persecuted for their beliefs.

Constantine- Roman emp who converted to christianity, made it a legal religion, legalized by edict of milan, also the nicene creed that layed out official dogma. Made byzantium the capital.

Diocletion- widespread persecutor of Christians, split empire into for tetrarchies, but two main parts, had four emps, he was the most powerful.

Edict of milan- nicene creed- see above

Patriarchs- leaders of the church in four or five main cities- rome Jerusalem, Antioch, alexandria, constantinople. the one in rome eventually became the papacy, the others stayed as very important bishops. leaders of the church

Christianity- I hope you don’t need this explained to you.

Paul- previously saul, persecuted Christians, converted on road to Damascus, became a disciple, spread Christianity to everyone not just jews. Wrote the epistles, or letters to churches of the roman empire.

Peter- jesus said that he would build the church, one of the original apostles, original pope, st peters basilica, founded important churches of rome

Huns- asiatic barbarians that conquered uncivilized europe on ponyback, drove germanic tribes in the the borders of the roman empire for protection. killed or enslaved their conquered

German tribes- uncivilized, tribe life, no central government, the goths, saxons, franks, the vandals, usually welcomed in previous times, but they ended up contributing to the downfall of the western empire.

Adrianople- goths defeated roman legion, first defeat since the pax romana began. in the balkans

Atila- leader of the huns, very bad guy, liked to ride ponies. very powerful

Odoacer- the first Germanic person to hold the wester roman empire’s title of emporer. 476- the end of western empire.

Theodosius- Made christianity the official state religion of the eastern roman empire. Last emp to rule over both halves of the empire.

Marcus Aruelius- One of the five good emp, philosopher king that plato described, great stoic mind

The Republic- Rome’s greatest accomplishment, patrician senators, and 1 year consuls. eventually gave power to plebeians.

Twelve Tables- written roman law of the republic, served as the constitution and the basis of the republic. very important part of history- law was written and you knew was was illegal.

Cicero- very famous orator, lawyer, and writer of the golden age of Rome. Said to have given latin it’s form.

Trajan- under his reign, rome was at it’s height in land area, first to be born outside of the italian province, public assistance, good relation with his subjects.

Livy- greatest historian(besides shelby) wrote about roman rise to the age of augustus, friend and family of the emperors, he recorded everything this is how we know so much about early roman empire. Golden age

Tacitus- Critic of contemporaries- annals and histories, examined the reigns of tiberius, claudius, and nero, and those who reigned in the year of the four emperors. silver age

Seneca- encouraged stoicism, wrote tragedys and satires. silver age

Ptolemy- famous Alexandrian(Egypt) astronomer during the augustan age. Formed a heliocentric view.

Galen- wrote encyclopedia of medical knowledge, became the basis of medicine throughout the middle ages

Rome’s Fall- population decline, rise of christianity(central gov. lost power to the church), large debt, weak and unskilled emps, declining wealth to the east, invader(germanic) civil war, loss of democratic rights, inflation, too large, over taxation, low birth rates, cynicism of ruling class, no means of stable succession

Epistles- leters paul wrote to the churches of the roman empire laying out common practices and beliefs that form the Christian faith.

St. Jerome- studied greek and roman lit, retreated from world to a monastery in Bethlehem, translated bible into latin. the vulgate, or st. jerome’s bible, the bible which catholicism is based on.

St. augustine- not raised Christian, studied rhetoric and moved to rome, baptized by st. ambrose, a skeptic, Confession-personal struggle with evil, City of god- there are two cities- worldly and heavenly, forms basis for medieval christianity

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