Renaissance and Reformation

Dante- The Divine Comedy, Italian Vernacular

Petrarch- Father of the sonnet, understood classics, humainsm

Bocaccio- Decameron, journey from plague, italian life

Giotto- 1st Italian ren. artist, very early, byzantine style, subjects in realistic background, light and shade

Mossachio- The Holy Trinity, effectively uses light and shade, created perspective

Donatello- sculptor, 1st free standing nude, “david”(not the big one”

Brunelleschi- major architect, recreated roman techniques, 1st dome in 1000 yrs, mathematical perspective

Botticelli- Birth of venus, patron-de medici, use of color and mythology

DaVinci- The last Supper, most famous painter, mona lisa

Raphael- School of Athens, located in vatican, classical minds with renaissance, same level

Jon van Iyck- Arnolfini and his Bride, mastery of color and depth, reflection on mirror, oil paint

Bruegel- dutch, low county, peasant scenes(wedding, funeral, feast, etc)

Dürer- wood etching and engravings, sold work on street, did one on erasmus

Palatio- roman revival architecture, venice country estates

Holbein- court painter for Henry 8 and Erasmus

Calvinism- Predestination, capitalism, John Calvin, strict religious environment,

Renaissance-Vasari named it, rebirth of the classical world, enlightenment

Lutheran- priesthood of all believers, 2 sacraments(baptism and Lords supper), no indulgences, no hierarchy of church, salvation by faith alone, only bible

30years war- Bourbons win against Holy roman empire, supremacy of france, decline of hapsburgs

Treaty of Westphalia -ended 30 years war, recognized dutch independence from spain

Church of England - Anglican- basically the catholic church lite, extremely similar in doctrine and traditions but they are not loyal to the pope, only the king. result of king henry 8th’s divorce to catharine of aragon.

Edict of Nantes- gave all christians in france toleration. Catholics, Huguenots, and jews could all worship openly, Henry of Navarre, you can’t kill the other side

Results of Reformation- the protestants, breaks from catholic church by countries, catholic church was no longer supreme, the counter reformation or the push to reform Catholicism, jesuits,

Causes of Humanism- rediscovering of classics during the crusades, and people understanding the meaning. Petrarch decoded that one should live for today. no longer being preoccupied with death

Results of 30 years war, supremacy of france and decline and deconstruction of HRE

Elizabeth 1- last tudor, kept england in a peaceful religious state, moderate protestant for anglican church. her peace transform them into the world power as the rest of europe went around killing each other.

Council of trent- catholic counter reformation council, reaffirmed sacraments and indulgences, reaffirmed the traditions were as important as scripture, outlawed simony and the sale of indulgences, arch/bishops served where they lived, no fees for relics, mass in latin, preaching in vernacular

St. Bartholomew’s day massacre- De’Medici planned to kill huguenot nobles and followers, killed thousands, didn’t kill henry of Navarre the leader

Mary Tudor- Bloody Mary, tried to return England to strict catholicism after father died, daughter of Catharine of aragon, married to Philip 2, queen before elizabeth, sister(1/2)

Peace of Augsburg- stated the local prince would decide local religion, postpones 30 years war

Diet of Worms- trial of Martin Luther as a heretic, he was convicted and considered an outlaw of HRE, would not recant teachings, sentenced to death, saved by Frederick the wise, hid him

Protestant groups- Anabaptist, calvinists, lutherans, anglicans, zwinglian

Florence- center of renaissance, de’medici ruled

Indulgences- acts or payment to the church that would have decreased time in purgatory, reason for the 95 thesis

95 theses- the 95 complaints about the church that martin luther posted to the door of the wittenberg cathedral, began protestant reformation, included sale of indulgences and other things.

French calvinists- huguenots, persecuted, one ascended to the throne and make it legal

innovations in renaissance painting- use of perspective, bright colors(oil), shading, light, realism, etc

Gutenberg- invented movable type and the printing press forever changed the world because ideas were much more easily spread, helped reformation b/c of this

Anabaptist- protestant group who withheld children from infant baptist(very radical), greatly persecuted, many factions in different places, amish and mennonites

puritans- english calvinists, wanted to purify the church from catholic influences, too far gone, went to low countries, started becoming dutch, wanted to stay english, pilgrims

calvinism and social class- calvinists greatly supported capitalism, calvinism identified with the middle to upper class, success=selection, everyone wanted to be successful.