Autocracy

Richelieu- regent for Louis 13, pretty much created the french central government, asserted royal control over the nobility, took away huguenot’s privileges, asserted that france was the dominant european power, expanded royal bureaucracies, started appointments of skilled and learned people instead of inherited power, put down huguenot revolt and opposed them in 30 years war

Mazarin- regent for Louis 14, continues the policies of Richelieu until Louis can govern he continues as chief minister until his death. He was far less popular though because he was italian running the french government. anti hapsburg and expansionist. helped add to french land holdings.

the Fronde- nobel uprising over the crown taking their power, means “slingshot” b/c that was used to break the windows of the royal government. Also to protect the liberty of the parliament and it’s duties from royal encroachment. This uprising created chaos that Louis the 14 put down. Showed that the king could give order that strengthened the crown and proved the crown was sovereign.

Louis 14- “the sun King”, a divine right theorist, he spent all of france’s money reserves and all their inflow, left france in much debt. he was involved in many wars of conquest, but he didn't gain a lot of land in the end b/c the lines were always fluctuating. revoked edict of nantes and expelled huguenots out of the country which greatly harmed the economy b/c they made up a large part of the middle class.created the golden age of french culture. created versailles to strip noble power. great patron of arts, food, science, etc.

Bourbons- french monarch house, henry 4 was first bourbon king of france, originally huguenot but transferred to catholicism for the crown. house rules france until the monarchy is abolished in france. anti hapsburg

Habsburgs- family that ruled the holy roman empire, very catholic, also they ruled spain and austria. very powerful and dominant family in European history. a decedents controlled half of europe by this time(spain, HRE, parts of italy)

Hohenzollerns- Prussian royal family, the electors of brandenburg that gained power and created a very powerful german state. the fredericks and frederick wilhelms kings.

Romanovs- family that ruled russia until the 20th century, michael romanov was elected czar of russia after the previous dynasty failed to produce a surviving heir. interrupted line of divine right monarchs until the communist revolution :(

James 1- king of scotland, but became king of england to fill the spot that Elizabeth left, first Stuart, protestant, not catholic like mother (Mary queen of Scots), KJV bible, jamestown, rejected the right of parliament, strictly divine right, supported by house of lord, but not commons, had to ask parliament for funds to support his extravagant spending. tried to raise illegal funds but was stopped, refused to give right to puritans

Charles 1- more inflexible than father(James 1), had an uprising in scotland-short parliament that was 3 wks tried to make his concede power and had to ask parliament for money he was forced to sign the petition of rights(king under the law, no martial law in peacetime, no imprisonment w/o trial), didn’t call parliament for very long time, long parliament- refused to end session, king sent troops to arrest his criticizers but they escaped, forced people to take side, started english civil war. Eventually beheaded.

Charles 2- son of charles 1, restored as king after the cromwell period, the merry monarch, sat back and didn;t do anything.had to give up significant powers to parliament, signed the magna carta, petition of rights, and agreed to parliaments terms, reinstated anglicanism and no catholics.

James 2- brother of charles 2, forgot about what happened to daddy, tries to restre divine right and tries to restore roman catholicism, dissolved parliament and put son(catholic) in line to be king, overthrown but not killed

William and Mary- invited to england and given throne, protestant and daughter of james 2 first wife, had to sign all of parliament’s terms, they took their armis to fight but that was not needed

Anne- another daughter of james 2, last stuart, united scotland and england, union jack flag, no children, passed throne to closest male relative(son of Sofia and electress of the Hanover area of germany)

George 1- first hanover king, after Anne, german, did not know english, created the “Prime Minister” Position

Sir Robert Walpole-first prime minister of england, appointed by the king(at this time), gave more power to the house of commons while stripping more noble power.

Leopold 1- HRE, defeated turks at the gates at vienna and turned them back, this signaled the decline of the ottoman empire

French Economic Problems- they spent too much, major blow when louis 14 kicked the merchant huguenots out of france, they taxed but it could not support the extravagant spending of the monarchy, these economic problems eventually led to the french revolution,

Cavaliers- supported the king james 1 in the english civil war, north, Anglican,

Roundheads- supported parliaments rights, south, london, better army than king’s, scotland alliance, oliver cromwell lead, puritan

John Locke- his ideas we presented in the petition of rights, life, liberty, and property, social contracts, government by the consent of the governed, very radical stance at this time,

The scientific revolution- great leaps from what was then common knowledge, discoveries in zoology, botany, natural laws, astronomy, etc. started by kings who employed scientist to find out new war methods(led to other discoveries), the reformation encouraged science b/c they mandated literacy they also set a tradition of defying the catholic doctrine, renaissance humanism led to reason, the printing press circulated ideas of the scholars and their work

Francis bacon- creator of the experimental method(scientific method), not really a scientist, created royal society of london, visionary of scientific discovery, wanted discoveries to be made through systematic research not just observations,

Glorious Revolution- when William and Mary led their army to take the english throne but didn't fight. peaceful and bloodless transfer of power from james 2 to his daughter, ushered in a new era of the monarch being under the will of the people.

Henry 4- first bourbon king of france, huguenot but converted to catholicism(“Paris is worth a mass), issued edict of nantes which allowed religious toleration to the huguenots, assassinated and crown passed to another bourbon(would be until french rev)