The Cold War

 This is the study guide we’ve all been waiting for. The final study guide in your Peck careers…oh, bittersweet.

The Cold War

BRRR

1. Iron Curtain: Coined by Churchill. Dividing line for Europe post-WWII. Berlin Wall. 
2. Fall of E. Europe: Revolutions of 1989 led to fall of EE. Soviet Union no longer had power/burning desire to enforce communism. They couldn’t stop countries from revolting against g’ment and EE was included in this.
3. Truman Doctrine: Seen as cause of Cold War. Truman would offer economic/military aid to Greece & Turkey to fight Communist forces. Other countries would be aided too.
4. Berlin Blockade: Soviet Union blockades Berlin. We airlift supplies in.
5. The Marshall Plan: Provide European countries with money/supplies to rebuild after WWII. Protect against threat of Commys by keeping economically stable.
6. NATO: Mutual defense against any non-NATO member. Original members: Belgium, Canada, Denmark, France, Great Britain, Iceland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, Portugal and the United States. 
7. Mao-Tse Tung: Chinese Communist. Defeated Chiang Kai-Shek. Great Leap Forward. Cultural Revolution. 
8. Chiang Kai-Shek: Nationalist party. Lost to Mao. Taiwan
9. Korean War: Korea vs US., containment of communism, didn’t want communism to spread to South Korea, China Was involved, proxy war.
10. Douglas MacArthur: General of Philippines. Fired by Truman in Korean War for wanting to attack weakened China.
11. Gulags: Soviet Union labor camps for those opposed to communism.
12. Warsaw Pact: Mutual defense. By Communists. If you mess with our countries, we will cut you. Counter to NATO.
13. Nikita Khrushchev: First secretary of Soviet Union during Cold War. After Stalin. Destalinization= Denounced Stalin. Pretty chill with policies. Succeeded by Brezhnev.
14. Hungarian Revolt: 1956. Nagy was Prime Minister as result. Kadar was foreign minister as result. Students to streets in Budapest. Occurred because of Khrushchev’s moderate policies, crushed by moscow and the policies of being nicer were abandoned.
15. Sputnik: First satellite launched—by Soviet Union. Race to the moon.
16. ICBMS: Missiles that contributed to MAD.  Intercontinental ballistic Missiles. Could be fired from across the world to another country( ie U.S. or USSR) 
17. Common Market: Trade agreement between European Countries that abolished trade tariffs and trade borders. later became European Union.
18. Fidel Castro: Overthrows Batista. Soviet Union aids him to take over Cuba.
19. Bay of Pigs: US tries to overthrow Cuba/Castro. Failed because Cubans supported Castro. JFK admin.
20. Berlin Wall: Iron Curtain. Separated East and West Berlin. West Berlin was cool.
21. Vietnam War: North Vietnam-Commy. South Vietnam-US. Part of Containment. Showed that the US could be defeated by guerrilla fighters, we lost, a pain in our sides, nixon ended, very unpopular, anti war protests. proxy war 
22. Cuban Missile Crisis: Soviet Union builds bases in Cuba. We find out. They bring missiles to Cuba. We say back off. They do at the last minute—brinkmanship warfare.
23. Nuclear Test Ban Treaty: Bans all nuclear explosions for everyone. Not really working out too well. JFK administration.
24. The Hotline: White House to Kremlin to avoid nuclear fallout. 
25. Leoni Brezhnev: After Kruschnev. Continued some Stalinist policies. Sent forces to Afghanistan. His administration was plagued by economic stagnation/dissolution. Iron Fist.
26. Prague Spring: Czechoslovakia revolution. Led by Dubcek. Havel is also a major player here.
27. Brezhnev Doctrine: Brezhnev said if any Communist countries fell to capitalism they would be invaded and re-communiuzed.
28. Détente: “Let’s all chill out.” Thawing out US-USSR relations. LBJ to Carter
29. SALT: Strategic Arms Limitations Talk. No one can make any more missiles. 
30. Nixon & China: First time US Prez had visited China. Normalize relations to China. 
31. Helsinki Accords: Declaration to attempt to improve relations between Communist bloc and West. Not binding. Nice effort, though.
32. Pope John Paul II: Polish. 1^st Non-Italian in 400 years. Hates Commys. Inspires Poland nationalism. 
33. Afghanistan: USSR’s Vietnam, also showed that guerrillas could defeat a superpower. Kinda set up modern Afghanistan. 
34. Mahajeeden:Holy Fighters that were US backed and against USSR-NOT Al-Qaeda
35. Sandinistas: Socialist party in Nicaragua. Led by Ortega.
36. Daniel Ortega: Leader of Sandinistas in Nicaragua.
37. Contras: Opposed Sandinistas. 
38. MAD: Mutually Assured Destruction. If we go nuclear, we all die.
39. Lech Walesa: Led Polish Solidarity movement.
40. Solidarity: Underground Polish labour union, rebellion movement.
41. Grenada: We sent forces here to avoid Communist takeover-Reagan administration. 
42. SDI: “Star Wars”. Reagan’s Strategic Defense Initiative. Lasers and stuff.
43. Gorbachev: Last leader of SOVIET Union. Friend of Reagan. Communist, but saw that it needed to be reformed. Perestroika and Glasnost.
44. Chernobyl- Nuclear power plant in in Russia that went boom. Demonstrated nuclear fallout and how incompetent and careless Russia was.
45. Glasnost- “Openness”, a policy under Gorbachev where you could speak and print freely bout the shortcomings of the Communist regime without being punished for it. People stated protesting.
46. Perestroika- “Restructuring”, policy which allowed small capitalist entities such as small businesses. This was not meant to end the communist regime, but make it work.
47. Reykjavik- Capital of Iceland, Where Gorbachev and Reagan met to talk about arms limitations, Reagan wasn’t pleased with banning all ballistic missiles and walked out. Next time in Reykjavik, Gorbachev and Reagan agreed to remove all intermediate missiles.
48. Nicolae Ceausescu- Romanian Communist Leader, extremely brutal, kept hold long after the other satellites had fallen, finally overthrown and killed by his people.(Think Mussolini and Ghadafi)
49. 1989- year when the Soviet Union fell.Events began in Poland with Solidarity, then to Hungary, East Germany, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia and Romania. One feature common to most of these developments was the extensive use of campaigns of civil resistance demonstrating popular opposition to the continuation of one-party rule and contributing to the pressure for change. Romania was the only Eastern Bloc country to overthrow its Communist regime violently. The Tiananmen Square protests of 1989 failed to stimulate major political changes in China. However, powerful images of courageous defiance during that protest helped to spark a precipitation of events in other parts of the globe. Among the famous anti-Communist revolutions was the fall of the Berlin Wall, which served as the symbolic gateway to German reunification in 1990.
50. German Reunification- 1990, Helmut Kohl was Chancellor. West Germany was very prosperous and had to lift up East economically, presented many challenges.
51. Boris Yeltsin- First President of Russia after Soviet Union fell, Hero to Russia, He was President of the Parliament and started an overthrow of the Communist Government. He stood in front of the army and they decided they wouldn’t fire.
52. Tito- Communist dictator of Yugoslavia, Behind the iron curtain but wouldn’t take orders from Moscow. When he died, Yugoslavia fell apart into several countries. 
53. Yugoslavia- Comprised of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Macedonia, Montenegro, Serbia, and Slovenia. These countries hated each other, but were kept united under the strong dictatorial control of Tito. Fell apart.
54. New World Order- The phrase "new world order", as used to herald in the post–Cold War era. This meant that Capitalism and Republicanism had become the only was for a government to run and that totalitarianism and communism was dead. All the world’s problems had been solved and this was a time of prosperity and peace. Daddy Bush
55. Slobodan Milosevic- Serbian/Yugoslavian President, Ethnic cleansing if the Muslim Bosnians out of Serbia, war criminal.
56. Margaret Thatcher- Female Reagan, First Female British Prime Minister, Longest serving, Conservative, reduced labour unions, lowered taxes, blah blah blah, hard on Soviet Union
57. Trends- Toward a welfare state, people don’t like to work, lots of money, countries go bankrupt(Talking to you Greece)