Bishop Bossuet- Louis 14 minister and tutor, politics drawn from scripture, coined the divine right theory, power was given to kings by god and that they were only responsible to him and not the people.
Jean Baptiste Colbert- instated France’s mercantilistic policies, helps colonize france for supplies and raw materials, creates roads and canals in france based on tolls
Descartes- “I think therefore, I am”, deductive reasoning where attempts to show that a conclusion follows from a set of hypotheses, doubt everything.
Thomas Hobbes- Leviathan, government was in place to take care of the people because we are all noble savages, before government life was short, brutish, and bad. Absolutism
oliver cromwell- leader of the roundheads of the english civil war. Dictator of the commonwealth people, lord protector, restricted anglicans and catholics, banned theatre, more powerful than the king, names his son successor but he couldn’t hang onto power, the people demanded a restoration of the monarchy.
Pugachev-led insurrection against Catharine the Great, involved religious dissenters and peasants
Catharine the Great- not russian, german, a pretending enlightened despot, married russian czar and then had him killed b/c he was incompetent, increased system of servitude, gained recognition as protector of the balkan slavs, gained sea access- n coast of black sea.
Ivan the Great- he tripled the territory of his state, ended the dominance of the Golden Horde over the Rus, renovated the Moscow Kremlin, and laid the foundations of the Russian state. He was one of the longest-reigning Russian rulers in history.
Frederick the Great- Prussian King, strengthened monarch’s power, enlightened, created bureaus to compartmentalize government, protected industry, bank of berlin, introduced crops, extremely strong army but hardly used, restructured taxes, lutheran but tolerant,
Joseph 2- Austrian/HRE, freed all serfs, granted wide religious tolerance, catholic but did not allow any control of the pope, great development,
Maria Theresa- ruled austria in her own name, gave religious tolerance, women’s rights, education. Governed for the people, mother of 16 children which almost all went to sit on the most powerful thrones of europe, Joseph 2 was one of them
Versailles- built by louis 14, intended to strip nobles power by bringing them to the king and making them puppets. they did not have any real power and were lavished everyday with feast, shows, and other things, gave the king all power
Galileo- developed a better telescope, validated the heliocentric theory, dialogue concerning the two chief world systems, investigated by the roman inquisition, house arrest, excommunicated, catholic in italy, supported by protestants
The third rome- moscow, 1st-rome, 2nd-constantinople, name given b/c this is where the orthodox church moved after constantinople, also was the seat of a czar(caesar)
Deism- religious philosophy is the belief that reason and observation of the natural world, without the need for organized religion, can determine that the universe is the product of an all-powerful creator. According to deists, the creator does not intervene in human affairs or suspend the natural laws of the universe.
Isaac Newton- British, Principia, made the world explainable, the universe was a machine, calculus, religious
Habeas Corpus- a term that represents an important right granted to individuals. Basically, a writ of habeas corpus is a judicial mandate requiring that a prisoner be brought before the court to determine whether the government has the right to continue detaining them. The individual being held or their representative can petition the court for such a writ. Charles the 2nd In england signed this into law
Window to the West- Peter the Great’s goal to get a year round seaport that can easily access the rest of Europe, he got his wish when he gained land and founded St. Petersburg. Peter moved the Russian seat of government here for a time, defeats Sweden for this land.
Boyars- Russian Nobles, very orthodox, rebelled against Peter, did not want any contact with western Europe, many were killed for going against Peter.
Divine Right- Kings believed that God gave them power to rule and that they could do anything they wanted to because of that, They believed that they were only responsible to God, and not any of their subjects. Produced some very ruthless and bad kings.
Whigs- party that opposed the King of England, mostly anglican, peaceful political party that formed under Charles 2
Tories- anti-king, protestant rights
Mercantilism- trade policy that aimed to export more than export, a main reason for colonization- get raw goods and bring them back to the mother country to sell to the rest of Europe
Autocracy- people wanted more order than a local lord, also the services central government offered appealed to the people. It was caused by disease, war, and lords gaining power and creating strong central governments.
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