Dante- The Divine Comedy, Italian Vernacular
Petrarch- Father of the sonnet, understood classics, humainsm
Bocaccio- Decameron, journey from plague, italian life
Giotto- 1st Italian ren. artist, very early, byzantine style, subjects in realistic background, light and shade
Mossachio- The Holy Trinity, effectively uses light and shade, created perspective
Donatello- sculptor, 1st free standing nude, “david”(not the big one”
Brunelleschi- major architect, recreated roman techniques, 1st dome in 1000 yrs, mathematical perspective
Botticelli- Birth of venus, patron-de medici, use of color and mythology
DaVinci- The last Supper, most famous painter, mona lisa
Raphael- School of Athens, located in vatican, classical minds with renaissance, same level
Jon van Iyck- Arnolfini and his Bride, mastery of color and depth, reflection on mirror, oil paint
Bruegel- dutch, low county, peasant scenes(wedding, funeral, feast, etc)
Dürer- wood etching and engravings, sold work on street, did one on erasmus
Palatio- roman revival architecture, venice country estates
Holbein- court painter for Henry 8 and Erasmus
Calvinism- Predestination, capitalism, John Calvin, strict religious environment,
Renaissance-Vasari named it, rebirth of the classical world, enlightenment
Lutheran- priesthood of all believers, 2 sacraments(baptism and Lords supper), no indulgences, no hierarchy of church, salvation by faith alone, only bible
30years war- Bourbons win against Holy roman empire, supremacy of france, decline of hapsburgs
Treaty of Westphalia -ended 30 years war, recognized dutch independence from spain
Church of England - Anglican- basically the catholic church lite, extremely similar in doctrine and traditions but they are not loyal to the pope, only the king. result of king henry 8th’s divorce to catharine of aragon.
Edict of Nantes- gave all christians in france toleration. Catholics, Huguenots, and jews could all worship openly, Henry of Navarre, you can’t kill the other side
Results of Reformation- the protestants, breaks from catholic church by countries, catholic church was no longer supreme, the counter reformation or the push to reform Catholicism, jesuits,
Causes of Humanism- rediscovering of classics during the crusades, and people understanding the meaning. Petrarch decoded that one should live for today. no longer being preoccupied with death
Results of 30 years war, supremacy of france and decline and deconstruction of HRE
Elizabeth 1- last tudor, kept england in a peaceful religious state, moderate protestant for anglican church. her peace transform them into the world power as the rest of europe went around killing each other.
Council of trent- catholic counter reformation council, reaffirmed sacraments and indulgences, reaffirmed the traditions were as important as scripture, outlawed simony and the sale of indulgences, arch/bishops served where they lived, no fees for relics, mass in latin, preaching in vernacular
St. Bartholomew’s day massacre- De’Medici planned to kill huguenot nobles and followers, killed thousands, didn’t kill henry of Navarre the leader
Mary Tudor- Bloody Mary, tried to return England to strict catholicism after father died, daughter of Catharine of aragon, married to Philip 2, queen before elizabeth, sister(1/2)
Peace of Augsburg- stated the local prince would decide local religion, postpones 30 years war
Diet of Worms- trial of Martin Luther as a heretic, he was convicted and considered an outlaw of HRE, would not recant teachings, sentenced to death, saved by Frederick the wise, hid him
Protestant groups- Anabaptist, calvinists, lutherans, anglicans, zwinglian
Florence- center of renaissance, de’medici ruled
Indulgences- acts or payment to the church that would have decreased time in purgatory, reason for the 95 thesis
95 theses- the 95 complaints about the church that martin luther posted to the door of the wittenberg cathedral, began protestant reformation, included sale of indulgences and other things.
French calvinists- huguenots, persecuted, one ascended to the throne and make it legal
innovations in renaissance painting- use of perspective, bright colors(oil), shading, light, realism, etc
Gutenberg- invented movable type and the printing press forever changed the world because ideas were much more easily spread, helped reformation b/c of this
Anabaptist- protestant group who withheld children from infant baptist(very radical), greatly persecuted, many factions in different places, amish and mennonites
puritans- english calvinists, wanted to purify the church from catholic influences, too far gone, went to low countries, started becoming dutch, wanted to stay english, pilgrims
calvinism and social class- calvinists greatly supported capitalism, calvinism identified with the middle to upper class, success=selection, everyone wanted to be successful.
Thursday, December 8, 2011
Sunday, November 6, 2011
Evil? No! Medieval!
A few things to note:
This isn't my study guide...so it's not in order. Also, I'm not sure everything is on here, but it's the best I could do last minute! Good luck!
1. The Franks- They are considered to be one of the strongest Germanic groups (if not the strongest). After the fall of Rome they were the most important Germanic tribe. Under their leader Clovis, they converted to Christianity, which gave support to the Pope. Their kingdom eventually turns into the lands of France, but it is beforehand called Gaul.
2. Clovis- He was a brutal and wily warrior who became king of the Franks in AD 481. Clovis became the first Germanic ruler to accept Christianity. That in turn led the Franks to be a Christian people. His military victories and his religious conversion gave his throne stability.
3. Charles Martel- Power in the Frankish Kingdom gradually passed from kings to government officials known as mayors of the palace. In AD 714 Charles Martel or "Charles the Hammer" became mayor of the palace. When Muslim forces threatened Europe, Charles led the successful defense of Tours in France. This victory won him great prestige and ensured that Christianity would remain the dominant religion of Europe.
4. Charlemagne- He is the grandson of Charles Martel, son of Pepin the Short. He is also called Charles the Great. Charlemagne was one of Europe's great monarchs. During his reign Charlemagne nearly doubled the borders of his kingdom to include Germany, France, northern Spain, and most of Italy. This territory would be referred to collectively as the Frankish Empire. Consequently, most western Europeans were ruled by one government and this had not been so since the fall of the Rome. He is crowned by the Pope as the Holy Roman Emperor on 12-25-800, to try to signify a rebirth of the Roman Empire.
5. Muslims, Magyars, and Vikings- Europe was weakened by internal conflicts, especially the Frankish Empire. Invasions from the Muslims, Magyars, and Vikings nearly destroyed them. The Vikings were the most dangerous; these were Germanic people from the land of Scandinavia, which attacked from the North. Though, the Muslims probably conquered the most land, and attacked from the South. The Magyars attacked from the east (Asia).
6. William the Conqueror- He conquered England in 1066 at the Battle of Hastings. He was a Viking, who defeated the Saxons to take over England.
7. Battle of Hastings- This is the battle in 1066 where William the Conqueror gained control of England.
8. Otto the Great- He was from the German tribe of the Saxons. He fought the Magyars from the East. In 962, he becomes the Holy Roman Emperor.
9. Economic Life in the Early Middle Ages- The cities decline and agriculture also falls tremendously. The roads fall into disrepair, and a barter economy replaces the money economy.
10. Feudalism- This is the ties and obligations that bind a vassal to his lord.
11. Manorialism- This is like a money system. The kings would award pieces of property to people who provided services or were loyal.
12. The Church- This basically becomes the center of every person’s life in the Middle Ages. Pope Gregory I really strengthened the power of the Church, and established it with many powers.
13. Gregory I- He is the Pope of the Catholic Church from approx. 590-640 AD. He centralized church administration, advanced the idea of penance, established or reinstated the idea of Purgatory, and is really the first secular and spiritual leader of the Papal States.
14. Benedictines- This is a group of monks that helped institute Latin in the Catholic Church. They also believed in the principles of poverty, chastity, and obedience. They believed you were supposed to follow the abbot of a monastery.
15. Iconoclasm Controversy- This was the controversy over whether there should be any images in holy places or of religious subjects. They believed this was idolatrous, and many people split over this controversy.
16. Cluniac Movement- This was a movement in the early centuries A.D. to reform the more worldly aspects of the clergy.
17. Literacy- Being able to read and write nearly disappears during these next few years, but such works as Beowolf and the History of England come out of this time, though.
18. The Carolingian Renaissance- This is the time period of Charlemagne, where he encourages the knowledge of trades and other subjects, and the establishment of many schools.
The Byzantine Empire
19. Constantinople- This is the center of Byzantine civilization, Constantine moves the capital here and it becomes an important trade city between the East and West.
20. Justinian’s Reign and Influence- He is known for his codification of Roman law. He expands his empire to control much of what used to be the Roman Empire. Though, he spends a lot of money to do this, and loses much of his possessions by the time of his death.
21. The Nika Riot- This is where the city of Constantinople is burned and destroyed under the reign of Justinian, as a rebellion against him. Though, he uses this to help rebuild and beautify Constantinople.
22. Belisarius- He corralled rebels and massacred many thousands by trying to take over the much of the Mediterranean world that had been lost by the Romans. He is a famous general, and leads a last effort to reunite Europe.
23. Church of Santa Sofia- Also known as the Hagia Sophia. It is known as the Church of Holy Wisdom, it is an unbelievable architectural feat, and was built under Justinian.
24. Greek Fire- This was used in many naval battles and would burn many ships to the ground. It could even withstand moderate amounts of water, and still cause flames or a fire.
25. The Macedonian Dynasty- This is the dynasty after Charlemagne. It lasts for about 2 centuries and is a fairly peaceable time. The empire is greatly expanded during this time.
26. Vladimir- He marries the Byzantines emperor’s sister and he sends monks into Russia. So he begins the spread of Christianity throughout Europe.
27. Alexius Comnenus- He is the leader of the Byzantines during the late 11th Century. He is besieged by the Muslims and calls on Pope Urban II to help him in his troubles.
28. Pope Urban II- He is the Pope who calls on Europe to regain the Holy Lands, and the lands around Palestine, known as the Crusades. He also organizes the Council of Clermont to help the Byzantines and to regain the lands of Jerusalem.
29. The Ottoman Turks- They’re the Muslims that lived in the Middle East, and conquered much of the lands of the Byzantines. They consume the Byzantine Empire.
30. Orthodox Christianity- They break with the Roman Catholic Church, and separates the European empire into West and East regions. The East goes against some of the subscribed beliefs of the Western church like in the Nicean Creed and thus establishes the Orthodox Church.
31. Disputes with the West- As mentioned they went against many of the prescribed beliefs like disclaiming the popularity of Mary, and saying that Christ was not a human he was just a divine being.
32. The Five Patriarchs- This is a group of 5 locations with none of them being supreme: Rome, Constantinople, Jerusalem, Antioch, and Alexandria.
33. The Great Schism (1054) - This is the break where the East and West branches of Christianity break apart. You get the Eastern Orthodox and Roman Catholic branches.
34. Cyrillic- This is an alphabet that is developed and mainly used In the Slavic or Russian regions of Europe around the 10th or 11th Centuries.
35. Islamic Civilization- This civilization begins in Arabia, with the teachings of Mohammed. It centers on the religion of Islam, and the belief In the god Allah.
36. Mohammed- He is said to be the Prophet of Islam. He experienced visions in which he heard a voice calling him to be an apostle to the one true deity of Allah. He preached that there is only one God. He also left Mecca, and gained followers in Medina, and then came back and conquered Mecca.
37. Rise of Islam- This starts with the teachings of Mohammed and when he gains followers in Medina and goes back to Mecca where he was born and takes over much of the territory and converts or forces many people to believe in the idea of Islam.
38. Mecca and Medina- These are the two major cities in the life of Mohammad, he was born in Mecca, then traveled to Medina, where he gained supporters. Then he traveled back to Mecca, and it became the center of Islam.
39. The Five Pillars- 1. There is only one God, and Mohammed is his prophet. 2. Every Muslim is to pray five times a day facing Mecca. 3. Every Muslim must perform charitable acts or give to the poor. 4. Every Muslim must fast during the daylight hours of Ramadan. 5. Every Muslim must take a holy pilgrimage to Mecca or support pilgrimages if they are able.
40. The Koran- This is the sacred teachings or the holy book for the religion of Islam.
41. Moral and Social Teachings- They teach in a prohibitionist religion (no alcohol, gambling, etc.) Also, polygamy is accepted with up to 4 wives, only if you can support them and treat them equally.
42. Expansion of Islam- After Mohammed dies, there is a struggle for power, but soon after they establish the leadership for the Muslims, they start to spread their religion mainly be fighting multiple wars and bringing infidels under their power.
43. The Caliphs- Rulers after Mohammed died. They succeeded Mohammed. The first was Abu Bakr.
44. Abu Bakr, Omar, Othman and Ali- This group of caliphs are known as the Rightly Guided Caliphs. They slowly take control of Arabia (Abu Bakr), leads successful campaigns throughout the Byzantine Empire (Omar), the Koran is compiled (Othman), said that the rulers of Islam had to be descendants of Mohammed (Ali)
45. The Omayyad’s- This is a very successful time for the Muslims; they come from Mecca and come after Ali. They had one of the largest empires in history.
46. The Abbasids- They overthrow the Omayyad’s. They are the 3rd Dynasty of Caliphs. They rule from 750-1258, when the Mongols overtake them.
47. Avicenna and Averroes- Avicenna compiled a encyclopedia of medical knowledge and was devoted to the study of Aristotle and Christianity. Averroes compiled commentaries on Aristotle’s work that were used by many western scholars.
48. Culture, Contributions, Art-
The High Middle Ages
49. Agricultural Revolution- With many new developments like the 3 field system and other things, the population grew from about 38 to 75 million.
50. Sources of Power- The two major sources of power are wind and water with the windmill and the waterwheel. They had fallen into disuse during the Early Middle Ages.
51. Climatic Change- From about 750-1200, Europe receives a period of global warming, that helps pick up civilization and makes it grow.
52. The Horse- The horse played a significant role in the development of agriculture as it was more effective than the mule
53. Three Field System – a new innovation switch in agriculture from the 2 field system; One field featured legumes, one field empty, and one field housed oats/wheat.
54. The Manor System -
55. Francis of Assisi (Franciscans) – devote catholic, who gave up his wealth for a live of poverty, based on the guild of Christ’s will. He founded the Franciscan Order, the woman’s Order of St. Clare, and the lay Third Order of Saint Francis
56. Dominicans-
57. The Nobility-
58. Knights-
59. Chivalry- The code of Knighthood. The rules, actions, and manners of a knight. Being courteous, especially towards the ladies.
60. Growth of Urban Life-
61. Guilds- Groups of similar craftsman, who worked together. They would later be the base for universities.
62. Money Economy-
63. The HRE Investiture Controversy-
64. Hapsburgs-
65. German Dynasties-
66. English Dynasties-
67. Henry II-
68. Richard the Lionhearted – Leader of The Third Crusade, made contract with Saladin
69. John-
70. Magna Carta- Signed by king John
71. Edward I and Parliament- Needed the Parliament for Money, but in turn Gave up some of his power to The Parliament
72. Troubadours-
73. The Catastrophic 14th Century- Tempature increase, war; 100 years war, overpopulated cities, Plague
74. France-
75. The Capetians- Oldest and largest Royal house dynasty
76. Hugh Capet- the first King of France of the eponymous Capetian dynasty
77. Louis the Fat- First significant French leader; first member of the house of Cabot
78. Albigensians-
79. Spain –
80. Moorish Spain-
81. Cordoba-
82. Reconquista- Taking back Spain from the Muslims
83. El Cid- Famous Knight who fought against the Muslims in Spain
84. Granada- The last strong hold for the Muslims
85. Teutonic Knights- German Knights who served in the Crusades
86. Tartars-
87. The Church in the High Middle Ages-
88. Cult of the Virgin -
89. The Crusades – Reopened Europe
90. Peter the Hermit – Lead the first crusade, Launched by Pope Urban II at The council of Clermont
91. Saladin- signed contract with Richard The Lion Heart; allowing for Christians to safely travel to the holy lands, controlled by the Muslims
92. Consequences of the Crusades- allowed Europe to “rediscovery trade”
93. Universities-
94. Scholasticism- Based on reasoning
95. St. Anselm, Abelard, Thomas Aquinas-
96. Rediscovery of Aristotle – Made Europeans relies how broad knowledge could go
97. Roger Bacon- He is the English scientist who created the modern scientific method
98. Chunson de Geste - "songs of heroic deeds” are the epic poems that appear at the dawn of French literature
This isn't my study guide...so it's not in order. Also, I'm not sure everything is on here, but it's the best I could do last minute! Good luck!
1. The Franks- They are considered to be one of the strongest Germanic groups (if not the strongest). After the fall of Rome they were the most important Germanic tribe. Under their leader Clovis, they converted to Christianity, which gave support to the Pope. Their kingdom eventually turns into the lands of France, but it is beforehand called Gaul.
2. Clovis- He was a brutal and wily warrior who became king of the Franks in AD 481. Clovis became the first Germanic ruler to accept Christianity. That in turn led the Franks to be a Christian people. His military victories and his religious conversion gave his throne stability.
3. Charles Martel- Power in the Frankish Kingdom gradually passed from kings to government officials known as mayors of the palace. In AD 714 Charles Martel or "Charles the Hammer" became mayor of the palace. When Muslim forces threatened Europe, Charles led the successful defense of Tours in France. This victory won him great prestige and ensured that Christianity would remain the dominant religion of Europe.
4. Charlemagne- He is the grandson of Charles Martel, son of Pepin the Short. He is also called Charles the Great. Charlemagne was one of Europe's great monarchs. During his reign Charlemagne nearly doubled the borders of his kingdom to include Germany, France, northern Spain, and most of Italy. This territory would be referred to collectively as the Frankish Empire. Consequently, most western Europeans were ruled by one government and this had not been so since the fall of the Rome. He is crowned by the Pope as the Holy Roman Emperor on 12-25-800, to try to signify a rebirth of the Roman Empire.
5. Muslims, Magyars, and Vikings- Europe was weakened by internal conflicts, especially the Frankish Empire. Invasions from the Muslims, Magyars, and Vikings nearly destroyed them. The Vikings were the most dangerous; these were Germanic people from the land of Scandinavia, which attacked from the North. Though, the Muslims probably conquered the most land, and attacked from the South. The Magyars attacked from the east (Asia).
6. William the Conqueror- He conquered England in 1066 at the Battle of Hastings. He was a Viking, who defeated the Saxons to take over England.
7. Battle of Hastings- This is the battle in 1066 where William the Conqueror gained control of England.
8. Otto the Great- He was from the German tribe of the Saxons. He fought the Magyars from the East. In 962, he becomes the Holy Roman Emperor.
9. Economic Life in the Early Middle Ages- The cities decline and agriculture also falls tremendously. The roads fall into disrepair, and a barter economy replaces the money economy.
10. Feudalism- This is the ties and obligations that bind a vassal to his lord.
11. Manorialism- This is like a money system. The kings would award pieces of property to people who provided services or were loyal.
12. The Church- This basically becomes the center of every person’s life in the Middle Ages. Pope Gregory I really strengthened the power of the Church, and established it with many powers.
13. Gregory I- He is the Pope of the Catholic Church from approx. 590-640 AD. He centralized church administration, advanced the idea of penance, established or reinstated the idea of Purgatory, and is really the first secular and spiritual leader of the Papal States.
14. Benedictines- This is a group of monks that helped institute Latin in the Catholic Church. They also believed in the principles of poverty, chastity, and obedience. They believed you were supposed to follow the abbot of a monastery.
15. Iconoclasm Controversy- This was the controversy over whether there should be any images in holy places or of religious subjects. They believed this was idolatrous, and many people split over this controversy.
16. Cluniac Movement- This was a movement in the early centuries A.D. to reform the more worldly aspects of the clergy.
17. Literacy- Being able to read and write nearly disappears during these next few years, but such works as Beowolf and the History of England come out of this time, though.
18. The Carolingian Renaissance- This is the time period of Charlemagne, where he encourages the knowledge of trades and other subjects, and the establishment of many schools.
The Byzantine Empire
19. Constantinople- This is the center of Byzantine civilization, Constantine moves the capital here and it becomes an important trade city between the East and West.
20. Justinian’s Reign and Influence- He is known for his codification of Roman law. He expands his empire to control much of what used to be the Roman Empire. Though, he spends a lot of money to do this, and loses much of his possessions by the time of his death.
21. The Nika Riot- This is where the city of Constantinople is burned and destroyed under the reign of Justinian, as a rebellion against him. Though, he uses this to help rebuild and beautify Constantinople.
22. Belisarius- He corralled rebels and massacred many thousands by trying to take over the much of the Mediterranean world that had been lost by the Romans. He is a famous general, and leads a last effort to reunite Europe.
23. Church of Santa Sofia- Also known as the Hagia Sophia. It is known as the Church of Holy Wisdom, it is an unbelievable architectural feat, and was built under Justinian.
24. Greek Fire- This was used in many naval battles and would burn many ships to the ground. It could even withstand moderate amounts of water, and still cause flames or a fire.
25. The Macedonian Dynasty- This is the dynasty after Charlemagne. It lasts for about 2 centuries and is a fairly peaceable time. The empire is greatly expanded during this time.
26. Vladimir- He marries the Byzantines emperor’s sister and he sends monks into Russia. So he begins the spread of Christianity throughout Europe.
27. Alexius Comnenus- He is the leader of the Byzantines during the late 11th Century. He is besieged by the Muslims and calls on Pope Urban II to help him in his troubles.
28. Pope Urban II- He is the Pope who calls on Europe to regain the Holy Lands, and the lands around Palestine, known as the Crusades. He also organizes the Council of Clermont to help the Byzantines and to regain the lands of Jerusalem.
29. The Ottoman Turks- They’re the Muslims that lived in the Middle East, and conquered much of the lands of the Byzantines. They consume the Byzantine Empire.
30. Orthodox Christianity- They break with the Roman Catholic Church, and separates the European empire into West and East regions. The East goes against some of the subscribed beliefs of the Western church like in the Nicean Creed and thus establishes the Orthodox Church.
31. Disputes with the West- As mentioned they went against many of the prescribed beliefs like disclaiming the popularity of Mary, and saying that Christ was not a human he was just a divine being.
32. The Five Patriarchs- This is a group of 5 locations with none of them being supreme: Rome, Constantinople, Jerusalem, Antioch, and Alexandria.
33. The Great Schism (1054) - This is the break where the East and West branches of Christianity break apart. You get the Eastern Orthodox and Roman Catholic branches.
34. Cyrillic- This is an alphabet that is developed and mainly used In the Slavic or Russian regions of Europe around the 10th or 11th Centuries.
35. Islamic Civilization- This civilization begins in Arabia, with the teachings of Mohammed. It centers on the religion of Islam, and the belief In the god Allah.
36. Mohammed- He is said to be the Prophet of Islam. He experienced visions in which he heard a voice calling him to be an apostle to the one true deity of Allah. He preached that there is only one God. He also left Mecca, and gained followers in Medina, and then came back and conquered Mecca.
37. Rise of Islam- This starts with the teachings of Mohammed and when he gains followers in Medina and goes back to Mecca where he was born and takes over much of the territory and converts or forces many people to believe in the idea of Islam.
38. Mecca and Medina- These are the two major cities in the life of Mohammad, he was born in Mecca, then traveled to Medina, where he gained supporters. Then he traveled back to Mecca, and it became the center of Islam.
39. The Five Pillars- 1. There is only one God, and Mohammed is his prophet. 2. Every Muslim is to pray five times a day facing Mecca. 3. Every Muslim must perform charitable acts or give to the poor. 4. Every Muslim must fast during the daylight hours of Ramadan. 5. Every Muslim must take a holy pilgrimage to Mecca or support pilgrimages if they are able.
40. The Koran- This is the sacred teachings or the holy book for the religion of Islam.
41. Moral and Social Teachings- They teach in a prohibitionist religion (no alcohol, gambling, etc.) Also, polygamy is accepted with up to 4 wives, only if you can support them and treat them equally.
42. Expansion of Islam- After Mohammed dies, there is a struggle for power, but soon after they establish the leadership for the Muslims, they start to spread their religion mainly be fighting multiple wars and bringing infidels under their power.
43. The Caliphs- Rulers after Mohammed died. They succeeded Mohammed. The first was Abu Bakr.
44. Abu Bakr, Omar, Othman and Ali- This group of caliphs are known as the Rightly Guided Caliphs. They slowly take control of Arabia (Abu Bakr), leads successful campaigns throughout the Byzantine Empire (Omar), the Koran is compiled (Othman), said that the rulers of Islam had to be descendants of Mohammed (Ali)
45. The Omayyad’s- This is a very successful time for the Muslims; they come from Mecca and come after Ali. They had one of the largest empires in history.
46. The Abbasids- They overthrow the Omayyad’s. They are the 3rd Dynasty of Caliphs. They rule from 750-1258, when the Mongols overtake them.
47. Avicenna and Averroes- Avicenna compiled a encyclopedia of medical knowledge and was devoted to the study of Aristotle and Christianity. Averroes compiled commentaries on Aristotle’s work that were used by many western scholars.
48. Culture, Contributions, Art-
The High Middle Ages
49. Agricultural Revolution- With many new developments like the 3 field system and other things, the population grew from about 38 to 75 million.
50. Sources of Power- The two major sources of power are wind and water with the windmill and the waterwheel. They had fallen into disuse during the Early Middle Ages.
51. Climatic Change- From about 750-1200, Europe receives a period of global warming, that helps pick up civilization and makes it grow.
52. The Horse- The horse played a significant role in the development of agriculture as it was more effective than the mule
53. Three Field System – a new innovation switch in agriculture from the 2 field system; One field featured legumes, one field empty, and one field housed oats/wheat.
54. The Manor System -
55. Francis of Assisi (Franciscans) – devote catholic, who gave up his wealth for a live of poverty, based on the guild of Christ’s will. He founded the Franciscan Order, the woman’s Order of St. Clare, and the lay Third Order of Saint Francis
56. Dominicans-
57. The Nobility-
58. Knights-
59. Chivalry- The code of Knighthood. The rules, actions, and manners of a knight. Being courteous, especially towards the ladies.
60. Growth of Urban Life-
61. Guilds- Groups of similar craftsman, who worked together. They would later be the base for universities.
62. Money Economy-
63. The HRE Investiture Controversy-
64. Hapsburgs-
65. German Dynasties-
66. English Dynasties-
67. Henry II-
68. Richard the Lionhearted – Leader of The Third Crusade, made contract with Saladin
69. John-
70. Magna Carta- Signed by king John
71. Edward I and Parliament- Needed the Parliament for Money, but in turn Gave up some of his power to The Parliament
72. Troubadours-
73. The Catastrophic 14th Century- Tempature increase, war; 100 years war, overpopulated cities, Plague
74. France-
75. The Capetians- Oldest and largest Royal house dynasty
76. Hugh Capet- the first King of France of the eponymous Capetian dynasty
77. Louis the Fat- First significant French leader; first member of the house of Cabot
78. Albigensians-
79. Spain –
80. Moorish Spain-
81. Cordoba-
82. Reconquista- Taking back Spain from the Muslims
83. El Cid- Famous Knight who fought against the Muslims in Spain
84. Granada- The last strong hold for the Muslims
85. Teutonic Knights- German Knights who served in the Crusades
86. Tartars-
87. The Church in the High Middle Ages-
88. Cult of the Virgin -
89. The Crusades – Reopened Europe
90. Peter the Hermit – Lead the first crusade, Launched by Pope Urban II at The council of Clermont
91. Saladin- signed contract with Richard The Lion Heart; allowing for Christians to safely travel to the holy lands, controlled by the Muslims
92. Consequences of the Crusades- allowed Europe to “rediscovery trade”
93. Universities-
94. Scholasticism- Based on reasoning
95. St. Anselm, Abelard, Thomas Aquinas-
96. Rediscovery of Aristotle – Made Europeans relies how broad knowledge could go
97. Roger Bacon- He is the English scientist who created the modern scientific method
98. Chunson de Geste - "songs of heroic deeds” are the epic poems that appear at the dawn of French literature
Sunday, October 2, 2011
Rome- Republic, Empire, and the Fall
Etruscans- Rulers of Rome before driven out, harsh kings, led to Rome’s Republic. Northern Italy, literate(can’t be deciphered), driven out because of rape of a virtuous roman woman.
Senate- Governing body of the Roman republic, 100-300 hundred patrician senators, voted on laws for both classes, for a long time no plebeians.
Patricians- Wealthy land owner aristocrats, also the ruling class of the roman republic
Plebeians- The lower class in Rome. Not exactly poor, just not of noble blood or enough land
Tribunes- had the right to convene the plebeian council, and to act as the president. Right to proposed legislation before it. had the power to veto actions taken by magistrates, and specifically to intervene legally on behalf of plebeians. The tribune could also summon the Senate and lay proposals before it.
Punic Wars- 1- Carthage V Rome. Rome won easily b/c of strong navy, won Sicily and other islands off of italy.
2- War of revenge by hannibal, carth. broke the lenient peace treaty the ended the 1st, han led army through spain and down to italy through the alps, elephant guy, fought in/around rome for 10 yrs, Gec. Scipio led army to carthage itself, carth surrendered at zamos. Rome gained west med(including spain)
3- cado- “rome must be destroyed” - 149bc rome launched a preemptive war to totally destroy carthage. killed or enslaved everybody, poured salt on ground to prevent farming
Gracchi Brothers- Gaius and tiberius, formed the populares mvmt. Tiberius- limited land ownership- killed w. chair, gaius- welfare to poor-committed suicide.
Pop. revolt- upper gov. officials lost some power when it was given to the mil. grew into the 12 tables which wrote down law code for the first time since Hammurabi
1st Triumvirate- Caesar, Pompey, and Crassus- three very powerful roman generals. crassus dies, leaved the other 2 to battle for power. caesar was very popular, seized power, became the dictator
Julius Caesar- extremely well liked general who made fame while in Gaul suppressing the celts. Crossed the rubicon, first in a long live of princeps(first citizen) or later on emperors
Pompey- Part of the 1st triumvirate, helped crush the Spartacus rebellion w/ caesar, very powerful general
Brutus and Cassius- thought caesar became too powerful, plotted his assassination. they loved rome more. stabbed 23 time with conspirators, the ides of march
Mark Antony- Caesar’s most trusted general under him, turned rome against assassins, eventually fight Octavian for control of rome, love affair with cleopatra
Octavian- Caesars adopted son, willed estate and army to him, fought Antony for control of rome ,won, senate gave him the title of princep, and renamed him augustus
Augustus- the new name of octavian, the new emperor, maintained republican appearance, gave land out, didnt name successor
Pax Romana- the 1000 years that rome dominated europe, and the time of no major external conflicts or wars.
Justinian- Last that tries to reconnect the western and eastern empires, after he fails, the west goes into the middle ages while the east continues to thrive, codified law- justinian code, compiled roman law, first sine 12 tables.
Virgil- Wrote the Aeneid, linked Grecian history with rome, it was romes duty to govern the world, golden
horace- roman lyric poet during the augustan age, odes, live for today, golden age
Juvenal- satiric, fater of the satires, silver age
Martial- best known for his twelve books of Epigrams, published in Rome between AD 86 and 103, during the reigns of the emperors Domitian, Nerva and Trajan. In these short, witty poems he cheerfully satirises city life and the scandalous activities of his acquaintances, and romanticises his provincial upbringing. He wrote a total of 1,561, of which 1,235 are in elegiac couplets. He is considered to be the creator of the modern epigram.
Romance Languages- the Italic languages subfamily, comprising all the languages that descend from Vulgar Latin, the language of ancient Rome. Spanish Portugeese, french,italian, romanian, catalan- six most popular
Christian Martyrs- St. perpetua and St.felicity, st. perter, ect. people who died by being persecuted for their beliefs.
Constantine- Roman emp who converted to christianity, made it a legal religion, legalized by edict of milan, also the nicene creed that layed out official dogma. Made byzantium the capital.
Diocletion- widespread persecutor of Christians, split empire into for tetrarchies, but two main parts, had four emps, he was the most powerful.
Edict of milan- nicene creed- see above
Patriarchs- leaders of the church in four or five main cities- rome Jerusalem, Antioch, alexandria, constantinople. the one in rome eventually became the papacy, the others stayed as very important bishops. leaders of the church
Christianity- I hope you don’t need this explained to you.
Paul- previously saul, persecuted Christians, converted on road to Damascus, became a disciple, spread Christianity to everyone not just jews. Wrote the epistles, or letters to churches of the roman empire.
Peter- jesus said that he would build the church, one of the original apostles, original pope, st peters basilica, founded important churches of rome
Huns- asiatic barbarians that conquered uncivilized europe on ponyback, drove germanic tribes in the the borders of the roman empire for protection. killed or enslaved their conquered
German tribes- uncivilized, tribe life, no central government, the goths, saxons, franks, the vandals, usually welcomed in previous times, but they ended up contributing to the downfall of the western empire.
Adrianople- goths defeated roman legion, first defeat since the pax romana began. in the balkans
Atila- leader of the huns, very bad guy, liked to ride ponies. very powerful
Odoacer- the first Germanic person to hold the wester roman empire’s title of emporer. 476- the end of western empire.
Theodosius- Made christianity the official state religion of the eastern roman empire. Last emp to rule over both halves of the empire.
Marcus Aruelius- One of the five good emp, philosopher king that plato described, great stoic mind
The Republic- Rome’s greatest accomplishment, patrician senators, and 1 year consuls. eventually gave power to plebeians.
Twelve Tables- written roman law of the republic, served as the constitution and the basis of the republic. very important part of history- law was written and you knew was was illegal.
Cicero- very famous orator, lawyer, and writer of the golden age of Rome. Said to have given latin it’s form.
Trajan- under his reign, rome was at it’s height in land area, first to be born outside of the italian province, public assistance, good relation with his subjects.
Livy- greatest historian(besides shelby) wrote about roman rise to the age of augustus, friend and family of the emperors, he recorded everything this is how we know so much about early roman empire. Golden age
Tacitus- Critic of contemporaries- annals and histories, examined the reigns of tiberius, claudius, and nero, and those who reigned in the year of the four emperors. silver age
Seneca- encouraged stoicism, wrote tragedys and satires. silver age
Ptolemy- famous Alexandrian(Egypt) astronomer during the augustan age. Formed a heliocentric view.
Galen- wrote encyclopedia of medical knowledge, became the basis of medicine throughout the middle ages
Rome’s Fall- population decline, rise of christianity(central gov. lost power to the church), large debt, weak and unskilled emps, declining wealth to the east, invader(germanic) civil war, loss of democratic rights, inflation, too large, over taxation, low birth rates, cynicism of ruling class, no means of stable succession
Epistles- leters paul wrote to the churches of the roman empire laying out common practices and beliefs that form the Christian faith.
St. Jerome- studied greek and roman lit, retreated from world to a monastery in Bethlehem, translated bible into latin. the vulgate, or st. jerome’s bible, the bible which catholicism is based on.
St. augustine- not raised Christian, studied rhetoric and moved to rome, baptized by st. ambrose, a skeptic, Confession-personal struggle with evil, City of god- there are two cities- worldly and heavenly, forms basis for medieval christianity
Senate- Governing body of the Roman republic, 100-300 hundred patrician senators, voted on laws for both classes, for a long time no plebeians.
Patricians- Wealthy land owner aristocrats, also the ruling class of the roman republic
Plebeians- The lower class in Rome. Not exactly poor, just not of noble blood or enough land
Tribunes- had the right to convene the plebeian council, and to act as the president. Right to proposed legislation before it. had the power to veto actions taken by magistrates, and specifically to intervene legally on behalf of plebeians. The tribune could also summon the Senate and lay proposals before it.
Punic Wars- 1- Carthage V Rome. Rome won easily b/c of strong navy, won Sicily and other islands off of italy.
2- War of revenge by hannibal, carth. broke the lenient peace treaty the ended the 1st, han led army through spain and down to italy through the alps, elephant guy, fought in/around rome for 10 yrs, Gec. Scipio led army to carthage itself, carth surrendered at zamos. Rome gained west med(including spain)
3- cado- “rome must be destroyed” - 149bc rome launched a preemptive war to totally destroy carthage. killed or enslaved everybody, poured salt on ground to prevent farming
Gracchi Brothers- Gaius and tiberius, formed the populares mvmt. Tiberius- limited land ownership- killed w. chair, gaius- welfare to poor-committed suicide.
Pop. revolt- upper gov. officials lost some power when it was given to the mil. grew into the 12 tables which wrote down law code for the first time since Hammurabi
1st Triumvirate- Caesar, Pompey, and Crassus- three very powerful roman generals. crassus dies, leaved the other 2 to battle for power. caesar was very popular, seized power, became the dictator
Julius Caesar- extremely well liked general who made fame while in Gaul suppressing the celts. Crossed the rubicon, first in a long live of princeps(first citizen) or later on emperors
Pompey- Part of the 1st triumvirate, helped crush the Spartacus rebellion w/ caesar, very powerful general
Brutus and Cassius- thought caesar became too powerful, plotted his assassination. they loved rome more. stabbed 23 time with conspirators, the ides of march
Mark Antony- Caesar’s most trusted general under him, turned rome against assassins, eventually fight Octavian for control of rome, love affair with cleopatra
Octavian- Caesars adopted son, willed estate and army to him, fought Antony for control of rome ,won, senate gave him the title of princep, and renamed him augustus
Augustus- the new name of octavian, the new emperor, maintained republican appearance, gave land out, didnt name successor
Pax Romana- the 1000 years that rome dominated europe, and the time of no major external conflicts or wars.
Justinian- Last that tries to reconnect the western and eastern empires, after he fails, the west goes into the middle ages while the east continues to thrive, codified law- justinian code, compiled roman law, first sine 12 tables.
Virgil- Wrote the Aeneid, linked Grecian history with rome, it was romes duty to govern the world, golden
horace- roman lyric poet during the augustan age, odes, live for today, golden age
Juvenal- satiric, fater of the satires, silver age
Martial- best known for his twelve books of Epigrams, published in Rome between AD 86 and 103, during the reigns of the emperors Domitian, Nerva and Trajan. In these short, witty poems he cheerfully satirises city life and the scandalous activities of his acquaintances, and romanticises his provincial upbringing. He wrote a total of 1,561, of which 1,235 are in elegiac couplets. He is considered to be the creator of the modern epigram.
Romance Languages- the Italic languages subfamily, comprising all the languages that descend from Vulgar Latin, the language of ancient Rome. Spanish Portugeese, french,italian, romanian, catalan- six most popular
Christian Martyrs- St. perpetua and St.felicity, st. perter, ect. people who died by being persecuted for their beliefs.
Constantine- Roman emp who converted to christianity, made it a legal religion, legalized by edict of milan, also the nicene creed that layed out official dogma. Made byzantium the capital.
Diocletion- widespread persecutor of Christians, split empire into for tetrarchies, but two main parts, had four emps, he was the most powerful.
Edict of milan- nicene creed- see above
Patriarchs- leaders of the church in four or five main cities- rome Jerusalem, Antioch, alexandria, constantinople. the one in rome eventually became the papacy, the others stayed as very important bishops. leaders of the church
Christianity- I hope you don’t need this explained to you.
Paul- previously saul, persecuted Christians, converted on road to Damascus, became a disciple, spread Christianity to everyone not just jews. Wrote the epistles, or letters to churches of the roman empire.
Peter- jesus said that he would build the church, one of the original apostles, original pope, st peters basilica, founded important churches of rome
Huns- asiatic barbarians that conquered uncivilized europe on ponyback, drove germanic tribes in the the borders of the roman empire for protection. killed or enslaved their conquered
German tribes- uncivilized, tribe life, no central government, the goths, saxons, franks, the vandals, usually welcomed in previous times, but they ended up contributing to the downfall of the western empire.
Adrianople- goths defeated roman legion, first defeat since the pax romana began. in the balkans
Atila- leader of the huns, very bad guy, liked to ride ponies. very powerful
Odoacer- the first Germanic person to hold the wester roman empire’s title of emporer. 476- the end of western empire.
Theodosius- Made christianity the official state religion of the eastern roman empire. Last emp to rule over both halves of the empire.
Marcus Aruelius- One of the five good emp, philosopher king that plato described, great stoic mind
The Republic- Rome’s greatest accomplishment, patrician senators, and 1 year consuls. eventually gave power to plebeians.
Twelve Tables- written roman law of the republic, served as the constitution and the basis of the republic. very important part of history- law was written and you knew was was illegal.
Cicero- very famous orator, lawyer, and writer of the golden age of Rome. Said to have given latin it’s form.
Trajan- under his reign, rome was at it’s height in land area, first to be born outside of the italian province, public assistance, good relation with his subjects.
Livy- greatest historian(besides shelby) wrote about roman rise to the age of augustus, friend and family of the emperors, he recorded everything this is how we know so much about early roman empire. Golden age
Tacitus- Critic of contemporaries- annals and histories, examined the reigns of tiberius, claudius, and nero, and those who reigned in the year of the four emperors. silver age
Seneca- encouraged stoicism, wrote tragedys and satires. silver age
Ptolemy- famous Alexandrian(Egypt) astronomer during the augustan age. Formed a heliocentric view.
Galen- wrote encyclopedia of medical knowledge, became the basis of medicine throughout the middle ages
Rome’s Fall- population decline, rise of christianity(central gov. lost power to the church), large debt, weak and unskilled emps, declining wealth to the east, invader(germanic) civil war, loss of democratic rights, inflation, too large, over taxation, low birth rates, cynicism of ruling class, no means of stable succession
Epistles- leters paul wrote to the churches of the roman empire laying out common practices and beliefs that form the Christian faith.
St. Jerome- studied greek and roman lit, retreated from world to a monastery in Bethlehem, translated bible into latin. the vulgate, or st. jerome’s bible, the bible which catholicism is based on.
St. augustine- not raised Christian, studied rhetoric and moved to rome, baptized by st. ambrose, a skeptic, Confession-personal struggle with evil, City of god- there are two cities- worldly and heavenly, forms basis for medieval christianity
Sunday, September 11, 2011
Let's Get Hellenistic-Lecture Test II
I. Minoans: Created civilization on island of Crete. They were either destroyed by volcanic eruption or Myceneans. Entered Bronze Age. Built palace at Kinolsis.
II. Crete: Island in Agean Sea where Minoans lived.
III. Homer: “Blind Bard”-The Illiad & The Odyssey-considered most famous epic poet.
IV. Illiad & Odyssey: Two epic poems by Homer. Basis for Greek life-taught to all. Illiad: 10 year siege of the city of Troy. Odyssey: Odysseus (a warrior) travels home-takes 10 years.
V. Dorians: Invaded Greece from the North & settled on Peloponnesus. Became Spartans. After their invasion, Greece entered the Dark Ages.
VI. Parts of a city-state: Acropolis (temple, highest point), Agora (market place), and farms
VII. Greek Religion: Polytheistic, Sophistry, Epicureanism, and Stoicism
VIII. Pericles: Leader of Athens during Golden Age-great orator
IX. *Patricians: Aristocratic class-could be in Senate (They are Roman)
X. *Plebians: Middle class & poor of Rome
XI. Democracy: Birthplace is in Athens, rule by people, Cleisthenes is considered the father
XII. Athens: Birthplace of democracy and philosophy
XIII. Sparta: Peloponnesus. Military state-paranoid.
XIV. Helots: Slaves of Sparta
XV. Peloponnesus: Peninsula of Sparta
XVI. Delphi: Oracle of Greece-located at Temple of Apollo
XVII. Olympics: 776 BC-every 4 years-rivalry between city-states-gave credit to individuals
XVIII. Zeus: King of gods-lived on top of Mt. Olympus
XIX. Battles of Persian Wars: Thermopalye and Marathon
XX. Greek art-characteristics: Idealistic-“perfect human form”-celebration of the nude
XXI. Theatre of Dinoysus: Tragedy and comedy festival-playwrights-awards were given
XXII. Aeschylus: playwright-themes of pride and arrogance-Orestia Trilogy-father of the tragedy
XXIII. Sophocles: playwright -themes of the struggle for knowledge-Theban Trilogy-Oedipus Rex
XXIV. Euripides: playwright-themes of man not being in control-Medea
XXV. Aristophanes: father of Greek comedy, The Clouds/Birds/Frogs-satirical works
XXVI. Herodotus: Father of modern history-wrote about Persian Wars
XXVII. Thucydides: Factual, disregarded myths-wrote about the Peloponnesian War
XXVIII. Hippocrates: Father of modern medical science-attributed disease to natural cause
XXIX. Sophist: Truth = relative, “wisdom munger”, associate with Protagorous saying “man is the measure of all things”
XXX. Socrates: Father of modern philosophy-wrote questioning dialects-forced to drink hemlock for “corrupting youth”
XXXI. Plato: wrote “The Republic”-believed in Universal Truth-father of idealism-established The Academy
XXXII. Aristotle: tutored Alexander the Great-father of biology-opened Lyceum school
XXXIII. Peloponnesian War: Sparta vs Athens-Sparta wins due to plague in Athens-ends Greek Classical Age
XXXIV. Philip of Macedonia: Forced Greece to unify-began mission to conquer Persia
XXXV. Alexander the Great: Conquered Persians and Syria-created largest empire-est. Alexandria cities-wherever he went, he took Greek culture-died young-leaving his generals to fight over his kingdom
XXXVI. Stoics: Reasoning—not emotions, founder is Zeno-met in Stoa-accept all indifferently
XXXVII. Epicureans: founded by Epicuras-help people find happiness-no public affairs-seek pleasure, avoid pain
OTHERS-Not on study guide, but Peck said they were on the test…well, he thought so anyway…
1. Cynics: founded by Diogenes-big downers
2. Euclid: elements of geometry
3. Ptolemy: Algamist-basis of astronomy
4. Eristosthanes: circumference of the Earth, studied geography
5. Archimedes: Physics-levers, screws-calculated Pi
6. Hippoarcras: dvlp. Latitude and longitude
7. Aristocaras: dvlp. Heliocentric view of the Earth
8. Plato’s Republic 3 classes: Reason (philosophers), Spirit (warriors), and Appetite (middle class)
9. Solon: reformed the laws of Athens-state was the enforcers of justice
10. Draco: wrote 1st Athens law code
11. Hesiod: Works & Days, Theogony-wrote about daily life
12. Delian League: 150 Greek city-states
13. Cult of Isis: Like the Egyptian cult-offered marriage and life after death
II. Crete: Island in Agean Sea where Minoans lived.
III. Homer: “Blind Bard”-The Illiad & The Odyssey-considered most famous epic poet.
IV. Illiad & Odyssey: Two epic poems by Homer. Basis for Greek life-taught to all. Illiad: 10 year siege of the city of Troy. Odyssey: Odysseus (a warrior) travels home-takes 10 years.
V. Dorians: Invaded Greece from the North & settled on Peloponnesus. Became Spartans. After their invasion, Greece entered the Dark Ages.
VI. Parts of a city-state: Acropolis (temple, highest point), Agora (market place), and farms
VII. Greek Religion: Polytheistic, Sophistry, Epicureanism, and Stoicism
VIII. Pericles: Leader of Athens during Golden Age-great orator
IX. *Patricians: Aristocratic class-could be in Senate (They are Roman)
X. *Plebians: Middle class & poor of Rome
XI. Democracy: Birthplace is in Athens, rule by people, Cleisthenes is considered the father
XII. Athens: Birthplace of democracy and philosophy
XIII. Sparta: Peloponnesus. Military state-paranoid.
XIV. Helots: Slaves of Sparta
XV. Peloponnesus: Peninsula of Sparta
XVI. Delphi: Oracle of Greece-located at Temple of Apollo
XVII. Olympics: 776 BC-every 4 years-rivalry between city-states-gave credit to individuals
XVIII. Zeus: King of gods-lived on top of Mt. Olympus
XIX. Battles of Persian Wars: Thermopalye and Marathon
XX. Greek art-characteristics: Idealistic-“perfect human form”-celebration of the nude
XXI. Theatre of Dinoysus: Tragedy and comedy festival-playwrights-awards were given
XXII. Aeschylus: playwright-themes of pride and arrogance-Orestia Trilogy-father of the tragedy
XXIII. Sophocles: playwright -themes of the struggle for knowledge-Theban Trilogy-Oedipus Rex
XXIV. Euripides: playwright-themes of man not being in control-Medea
XXV. Aristophanes: father of Greek comedy, The Clouds/Birds/Frogs-satirical works
XXVI. Herodotus: Father of modern history-wrote about Persian Wars
XXVII. Thucydides: Factual, disregarded myths-wrote about the Peloponnesian War
XXVIII. Hippocrates: Father of modern medical science-attributed disease to natural cause
XXIX. Sophist: Truth = relative, “wisdom munger”, associate with Protagorous saying “man is the measure of all things”
XXX. Socrates: Father of modern philosophy-wrote questioning dialects-forced to drink hemlock for “corrupting youth”
XXXI. Plato: wrote “The Republic”-believed in Universal Truth-father of idealism-established The Academy
XXXII. Aristotle: tutored Alexander the Great-father of biology-opened Lyceum school
XXXIII. Peloponnesian War: Sparta vs Athens-Sparta wins due to plague in Athens-ends Greek Classical Age
XXXIV. Philip of Macedonia: Forced Greece to unify-began mission to conquer Persia
XXXV. Alexander the Great: Conquered Persians and Syria-created largest empire-est. Alexandria cities-wherever he went, he took Greek culture-died young-leaving his generals to fight over his kingdom
XXXVI. Stoics: Reasoning—not emotions, founder is Zeno-met in Stoa-accept all indifferently
XXXVII. Epicureans: founded by Epicuras-help people find happiness-no public affairs-seek pleasure, avoid pain
OTHERS-Not on study guide, but Peck said they were on the test…well, he thought so anyway…
1. Cynics: founded by Diogenes-big downers
2. Euclid: elements of geometry
3. Ptolemy: Algamist-basis of astronomy
4. Eristosthanes: circumference of the Earth, studied geography
5. Archimedes: Physics-levers, screws-calculated Pi
6. Hippoarcras: dvlp. Latitude and longitude
7. Aristocaras: dvlp. Heliocentric view of the Earth
8. Plato’s Republic 3 classes: Reason (philosophers), Spirit (warriors), and Appetite (middle class)
9. Solon: reformed the laws of Athens-state was the enforcers of justice
10. Draco: wrote 1st Athens law code
11. Hesiod: Works & Days, Theogony-wrote about daily life
12. Delian League: 150 Greek city-states
13. Cult of Isis: Like the Egyptian cult-offered marriage and life after death
Sunday, August 21, 2011
Peckture Test Uno-Cradle Of Civilization
1. Paleolithic Period: “Old stone age”-lasts till about 10,000 BC, hunters/gatherers, very small human population, very little advancement, primitive fish hooks sewing of animal hide, cave drawings, ended with the retreat of the glaciers and the extinction of animals.
2. Neolithic Period: “New stone age”-10,000-6,000 BC-small animals, domestication of animals, and the establishment of systematic agriculture = more dependent food supply, beginning of semi-permanent villages, wood working, farm tools, pottery, textiles, and bronze(also called bronze age)
3. Agricultural Revolution: Leads to trade-before this, famine was frequent-leads to the establishment of civilization (along with writing), gave humans relative control over their food supply.
4. Civilization: 4,000 BC-Mesopotamia or the land between the Tigris and Euphrates. The Fertile Crescent. Sumer was the first recorded culture with cuneiform.
5. Mesopotamia Civilization: Tigris & Euphrates River. Sumer was the main city. Sustained by an arc of land called the Fertile Crescent. Oldest Civilization. Sargon formed the 1st empire here. plagued by unpredictable floods and weather patterns, the climate and geography caused the need for order, which led to the rise of the first true civilizations.
6. Sumer: Bottom of Mesopotamia. Modern-day Iraq. Cuneiform appeared here. The Epic of Gilgamesh appeared here. The first culture to be recorded, and to have all elements of civilization(Art, writing, religion, ag, law, and urban life.) 12 city-states Ziggurat was at the center.
7. The Epic of Gilgamesh: 1st known epic. Tells the story of Gilgamesh & Enkidu. Foretells the “Great Flood”. Story of man’s quest for immortality. Written in cuneiform.
8. Sargon: Formed 1st empire- Akkadian empire-took over Sumer from neighboring Akkad, adapted sumerian culture. United Akkadia and Sumer.
9. Old Babylonians: Defeated Sargon-established new capital at Babylon-led by King Hammurabi, NOT biblical
10. Assyrians: Defeated Old Babylonians-horseback warriors-created the greatest empire thus far-maintained control of the Fertile Crescent and Egypt-established capital at Nineveh-developed road systems, extremely ruthless people. Built great library with 22,000 cuneiform tablets(King Ashurbanipal’s Library at Nineveh).
11. Chaldeans (New Babylonians): Rebuilt Babylon under King Nebuchadnezzar -around 600 BC (like it matters)-the Hanging Gardens were built for Neb’s wife. Jerusalem was destroyed-Hebrews were taken captive = Bible. They also were very good at astrology, woo.
12. Neb: King of New Babylon-built Hanging Gardens-had some serious issues with Hebrews… destroyed Jerusalem
13. Cyrus: King of Persia-united all of Persia by defeating New Babylon-New capital was at Persepolis-adopted Zoroastrianism-very tolerant-accepted as King by all, even them there Hebrews
14. The Persians: Believed in Zoroastrianism- led by Cyrus The Great-overtook New Babylonians, divided into satrapies for efficiency, each ruled by a dynastic governor that answered directly to the king of persia, greatest empire the world had ever seen to that point. religious freedom in each province, brought egypt, middle east, indus valley, and greece under their control.
15. Hammurabi & His Code: 1st law code. 1. Unequal class punishment 2. Eye for an eye 3. Semi-private admin. of justice (self-administration, revenge is totally cool)
16. Cuneiform: 3,500 BC-Sumerians-1st dvlp. of writing, primary writing system of the middle east(until the egyptians and Phoenicians) We can read it!
17. Sumerian Contributions: Cuneiform, base 60 number system, several agricultural techniques(irrigation, canals, etc,) lit, the basis of world civ.
18. Zoroastrianism: Persian religion-quazi-monotheistic-dualism between (good) Ahura-mazda and (evil) Ahriman, Zoroaster was very obviously the founder-he called it the “true religion”, internal struggle for good and the light, good wins
19. Egypt: Herodotus called it “the gift of the Nile”-Lower = North, Upper = South-it was separated into 3 kingdoms-the longest and arguably the most prosperous of the ancient middle eastern civilizations
20. Gift of the Nile: Controllable and predicatable flooding = rich soil = urban areas around rich soil. 7-12 mile off the the Nile which provided the Egyptians with enough farmland to sustain the civ.
21. Narmer/Menes: 1st Pharaoh-united Upper & Lower Egypt, wore both crowns.
22. Pharoah: King of the people-viewed as a god, the extension of the sun god Ra, Horus on earth, all powerful.
23. The Old Kingdom: age of the great pyramids, memphis, formation of the massive polytheistic religion, very stable, pharaoh was not personable, ma’at, cult of osiris was for pharaohs, noble and rich peeps.
24. Memphis: Capital of Old Kingdom
25. Thebes: Capital of Middle Kingdom (and most of New Kingdom)
26. Hyksos: 3 contributions: 1. Horse 2. Chariot 3. Body Armor. Took over Egypt during Middle Kingdom. Finally enslaved or driven out by the Egyptians.
27. The New Kingdom: Empire Period-greatest power achieved under Thutmose III-2 new Egyptian social classes appeared: soldiers and slaves, time of conquering.
28. Ma’at: “rule book” for Pharoahs in governing their people, the Ancient Egyptian concept of truth, balance, order, law, morality, and justice. Ma'at was also personified as a goddess regulating the stars, seasons, and the actions of both mortals and the deities, who set the order of the universe.
29. Hatsheput: 1st female ruler-18th dynasty-dressed as male-her name was later erased from temples by her successor son
30. Ra: god of sun, thought to be the heavenly body of the pharaoh
31. Ka: The soul in Egyptian culture, reason for mummification, Egyptian concept of vital essence, that which distinguishes the difference between a living and a dead person, with death occurring when the ka left the body. had to be kept alive, put stuff in tombs to satisfy it, kinda weird.
32. Step Pyramid: 1st pyramid ever built
33. Osiris Cult: A cult in worship of Osiris, god of the afterlife-played into the burial rituals-reserved for the pharaoh and nobles in old, then to all by new kingdom. called for extensive mummification and satisfaction of the Ka.
34. Amenhotep/Akhenaton: introduced monotheism-worship of Aten-closed all other religious temples-opened largest temple in Ancient world, reverted to tradition my King Tut cause it didn’t work well.
35. The Edwin Smith Papyrus: Smith found papyrus that described medical cases in detail-showed diagnosis and treatment-Egyptians believed sickness was natural phenomenon.
36. Phoenicians: sea-farers, dvlp. 1st true alphabet, also created a lovely purple dye, alphabet adopted by Greece and Rome.
37. Arameans: developed Aramaic = commercial language of fertile crescent…and Jesus = international language, Damascus, desert traders
38. Hebrew: Jews, God’s chosen people, founded Israel and Jerusalem, developed the concept of ethical monotheism. Saul, David, Solomon, read notes-(theres a lot of stuff on them, mostly lame)
39. Abraham: father of the Hebrew, left Ur and led followers to Herram where God revealed himself
40. Saul: 1st king of Hebrews in the 11th century
41. David: Established Jerusalem-defeated Philistines
42. Solomon: Greatest Hebrew power for king-built the Great Palace of Jerusalem-700 wives (pimpin’)-overtaxed the people = demise of kingdom
43. Babylonian Captivity: New Babylonians, under King Neb, take Hebrews captive = Bible written-remain captive until Cyrus (Persians)
44. Hebrew Religion: Monotheistic-God was transcendent (created nature, but not of nature)-God gave people freewill-the Jews, led way to many world religions.
2. Neolithic Period: “New stone age”-10,000-6,000 BC-small animals, domestication of animals, and the establishment of systematic agriculture = more dependent food supply, beginning of semi-permanent villages, wood working, farm tools, pottery, textiles, and bronze(also called bronze age)
3. Agricultural Revolution: Leads to trade-before this, famine was frequent-leads to the establishment of civilization (along with writing), gave humans relative control over their food supply.
4. Civilization: 4,000 BC-Mesopotamia or the land between the Tigris and Euphrates. The Fertile Crescent. Sumer was the first recorded culture with cuneiform.
5. Mesopotamia Civilization: Tigris & Euphrates River. Sumer was the main city. Sustained by an arc of land called the Fertile Crescent. Oldest Civilization. Sargon formed the 1st empire here. plagued by unpredictable floods and weather patterns, the climate and geography caused the need for order, which led to the rise of the first true civilizations.
6. Sumer: Bottom of Mesopotamia. Modern-day Iraq. Cuneiform appeared here. The Epic of Gilgamesh appeared here. The first culture to be recorded, and to have all elements of civilization(Art, writing, religion, ag, law, and urban life.) 12 city-states Ziggurat was at the center.
7. The Epic of Gilgamesh: 1st known epic. Tells the story of Gilgamesh & Enkidu. Foretells the “Great Flood”. Story of man’s quest for immortality. Written in cuneiform.
8. Sargon: Formed 1st empire- Akkadian empire-took over Sumer from neighboring Akkad, adapted sumerian culture. United Akkadia and Sumer.
9. Old Babylonians: Defeated Sargon-established new capital at Babylon-led by King Hammurabi, NOT biblical
10. Assyrians: Defeated Old Babylonians-horseback warriors-created the greatest empire thus far-maintained control of the Fertile Crescent and Egypt-established capital at Nineveh-developed road systems, extremely ruthless people. Built great library with 22,000 cuneiform tablets(King Ashurbanipal’s Library at Nineveh).
11. Chaldeans (New Babylonians): Rebuilt Babylon under King Nebuchadnezzar -around 600 BC (like it matters)-the Hanging Gardens were built for Neb’s wife. Jerusalem was destroyed-Hebrews were taken captive = Bible. They also were very good at astrology, woo.
12. Neb: King of New Babylon-built Hanging Gardens-had some serious issues with Hebrews… destroyed Jerusalem
13. Cyrus: King of Persia-united all of Persia by defeating New Babylon-New capital was at Persepolis-adopted Zoroastrianism-very tolerant-accepted as King by all, even them there Hebrews
14. The Persians: Believed in Zoroastrianism- led by Cyrus The Great-overtook New Babylonians, divided into satrapies for efficiency, each ruled by a dynastic governor that answered directly to the king of persia, greatest empire the world had ever seen to that point. religious freedom in each province, brought egypt, middle east, indus valley, and greece under their control.
15. Hammurabi & His Code: 1st law code. 1. Unequal class punishment 2. Eye for an eye 3. Semi-private admin. of justice (self-administration, revenge is totally cool)
16. Cuneiform: 3,500 BC-Sumerians-1st dvlp. of writing, primary writing system of the middle east(until the egyptians and Phoenicians) We can read it!
17. Sumerian Contributions: Cuneiform, base 60 number system, several agricultural techniques(irrigation, canals, etc,) lit, the basis of world civ.
18. Zoroastrianism: Persian religion-quazi-monotheistic-dualism between (good) Ahura-mazda and (evil) Ahriman, Zoroaster was very obviously the founder-he called it the “true religion”, internal struggle for good and the light, good wins
19. Egypt: Herodotus called it “the gift of the Nile”-Lower = North, Upper = South-it was separated into 3 kingdoms-the longest and arguably the most prosperous of the ancient middle eastern civilizations
20. Gift of the Nile: Controllable and predicatable flooding = rich soil = urban areas around rich soil. 7-12 mile off the the Nile which provided the Egyptians with enough farmland to sustain the civ.
21. Narmer/Menes: 1st Pharaoh-united Upper & Lower Egypt, wore both crowns.
22. Pharoah: King of the people-viewed as a god, the extension of the sun god Ra, Horus on earth, all powerful.
23. The Old Kingdom: age of the great pyramids, memphis, formation of the massive polytheistic religion, very stable, pharaoh was not personable, ma’at, cult of osiris was for pharaohs, noble and rich peeps.
24. Memphis: Capital of Old Kingdom
25. Thebes: Capital of Middle Kingdom (and most of New Kingdom)
26. Hyksos: 3 contributions: 1. Horse 2. Chariot 3. Body Armor. Took over Egypt during Middle Kingdom. Finally enslaved or driven out by the Egyptians.
27. The New Kingdom: Empire Period-greatest power achieved under Thutmose III-2 new Egyptian social classes appeared: soldiers and slaves, time of conquering.
28. Ma’at: “rule book” for Pharoahs in governing their people, the Ancient Egyptian concept of truth, balance, order, law, morality, and justice. Ma'at was also personified as a goddess regulating the stars, seasons, and the actions of both mortals and the deities, who set the order of the universe.
29. Hatsheput: 1st female ruler-18th dynasty-dressed as male-her name was later erased from temples by her successor son
30. Ra: god of sun, thought to be the heavenly body of the pharaoh
31. Ka: The soul in Egyptian culture, reason for mummification, Egyptian concept of vital essence, that which distinguishes the difference between a living and a dead person, with death occurring when the ka left the body. had to be kept alive, put stuff in tombs to satisfy it, kinda weird.
32. Step Pyramid: 1st pyramid ever built
33. Osiris Cult: A cult in worship of Osiris, god of the afterlife-played into the burial rituals-reserved for the pharaoh and nobles in old, then to all by new kingdom. called for extensive mummification and satisfaction of the Ka.
34. Amenhotep/Akhenaton: introduced monotheism-worship of Aten-closed all other religious temples-opened largest temple in Ancient world, reverted to tradition my King Tut cause it didn’t work well.
35. The Edwin Smith Papyrus: Smith found papyrus that described medical cases in detail-showed diagnosis and treatment-Egyptians believed sickness was natural phenomenon.
36. Phoenicians: sea-farers, dvlp. 1st true alphabet, also created a lovely purple dye, alphabet adopted by Greece and Rome.
37. Arameans: developed Aramaic = commercial language of fertile crescent…and Jesus = international language, Damascus, desert traders
38. Hebrew: Jews, God’s chosen people, founded Israel and Jerusalem, developed the concept of ethical monotheism. Saul, David, Solomon, read notes-(theres a lot of stuff on them, mostly lame)
39. Abraham: father of the Hebrew, left Ur and led followers to Herram where God revealed himself
40. Saul: 1st king of Hebrews in the 11th century
41. David: Established Jerusalem-defeated Philistines
42. Solomon: Greatest Hebrew power for king-built the Great Palace of Jerusalem-700 wives (pimpin’)-overtaxed the people = demise of kingdom
43. Babylonian Captivity: New Babylonians, under King Neb, take Hebrews captive = Bible written-remain captive until Cyrus (Persians)
44. Hebrew Religion: Monotheistic-God was transcendent (created nature, but not of nature)-God gave people freewill-the Jews, led way to many world religions.
Let Us Begin...
Welcome to AP European...the online version.
This year, we're hoping to incorporate some more "fun" into studying for Peck. I do not know how or if that's possible, but it sounds like a cool idea.
Anyway, the lecture test guide will be posted within a few hours.
So until then, add our Facebook page. This will ensure that you receive updates on when the lecture guides are posted. We will also post reminders of test dates there. Don't worry, we know you don't need reminders...you're AP students! ;D
Oh, one last thing...You may be wondering why there's an American flag serving as the background if this is AP Euro? Well, we should always remember, that no matter what, everything is about America. Score one for Dixie.
Alright, good luck "studying".
-Heather and Noah
This year, we're hoping to incorporate some more "fun" into studying for Peck. I do not know how or if that's possible, but it sounds like a cool idea.
Anyway, the lecture test guide will be posted within a few hours.
So until then, add our Facebook page. This will ensure that you receive updates on when the lecture guides are posted. We will also post reminders of test dates there. Don't worry, we know you don't need reminders...you're AP students! ;D
Oh, one last thing...You may be wondering why there's an American flag serving as the background if this is AP Euro? Well, we should always remember, that no matter what, everything is about America. Score one for Dixie.
Alright, good luck "studying".
-Heather and Noah
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