The Cold War

 This is the study guide we’ve all been waiting for. The final study guide in your Peck careers…oh, bittersweet.

The Cold War

BRRR

1. Iron Curtain: Coined by Churchill. Dividing line for Europe post-WWII. Berlin Wall. 
2. Fall of E. Europe: Revolutions of 1989 led to fall of EE. Soviet Union no longer had power/burning desire to enforce communism. They couldn’t stop countries from revolting against g’ment and EE was included in this.
3. Truman Doctrine: Seen as cause of Cold War. Truman would offer economic/military aid to Greece & Turkey to fight Communist forces. Other countries would be aided too.
4. Berlin Blockade: Soviet Union blockades Berlin. We airlift supplies in.
5. The Marshall Plan: Provide European countries with money/supplies to rebuild after WWII. Protect against threat of Commys by keeping economically stable.
6. NATO: Mutual defense against any non-NATO member. Original members: Belgium, Canada, Denmark, France, Great Britain, Iceland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, Portugal and the United States. 
7. Mao-Tse Tung: Chinese Communist. Defeated Chiang Kai-Shek. Great Leap Forward. Cultural Revolution. 
8. Chiang Kai-Shek: Nationalist party. Lost to Mao. Taiwan
9. Korean War: Korea vs US., containment of communism, didn’t want communism to spread to South Korea, China Was involved, proxy war.
10. Douglas MacArthur: General of Philippines. Fired by Truman in Korean War for wanting to attack weakened China.
11. Gulags: Soviet Union labor camps for those opposed to communism.
12. Warsaw Pact: Mutual defense. By Communists. If you mess with our countries, we will cut you. Counter to NATO.
13. Nikita Khrushchev: First secretary of Soviet Union during Cold War. After Stalin. Destalinization= Denounced Stalin. Pretty chill with policies. Succeeded by Brezhnev.
14. Hungarian Revolt: 1956. Nagy was Prime Minister as result. Kadar was foreign minister as result. Students to streets in Budapest. Occurred because of Khrushchev’s moderate policies, crushed by moscow and the policies of being nicer were abandoned.
15. Sputnik: First satellite launched—by Soviet Union. Race to the moon.
16. ICBMS: Missiles that contributed to MAD.  Intercontinental ballistic Missiles. Could be fired from across the world to another country( ie U.S. or USSR) 
17. Common Market: Trade agreement between European Countries that abolished trade tariffs and trade borders. later became European Union.
18. Fidel Castro: Overthrows Batista. Soviet Union aids him to take over Cuba.
19. Bay of Pigs: US tries to overthrow Cuba/Castro. Failed because Cubans supported Castro. JFK admin.
20. Berlin Wall: Iron Curtain. Separated East and West Berlin. West Berlin was cool.
21. Vietnam War: North Vietnam-Commy. South Vietnam-US. Part of Containment. Showed that the US could be defeated by guerrilla fighters, we lost, a pain in our sides, nixon ended, very unpopular, anti war protests. proxy war 
22. Cuban Missile Crisis: Soviet Union builds bases in Cuba. We find out. They bring missiles to Cuba. We say back off. They do at the last minute—brinkmanship warfare.
23. Nuclear Test Ban Treaty: Bans all nuclear explosions for everyone. Not really working out too well. JFK administration.
24. The Hotline: White House to Kremlin to avoid nuclear fallout. 
25. Leoni Brezhnev: After Kruschnev. Continued some Stalinist policies. Sent forces to Afghanistan. His administration was plagued by economic stagnation/dissolution. Iron Fist.
26. Prague Spring: Czechoslovakia revolution. Led by Dubcek. Havel is also a major player here.
27. Brezhnev Doctrine: Brezhnev said if any Communist countries fell to capitalism they would be invaded and re-communiuzed.
28. Détente: “Let’s all chill out.” Thawing out US-USSR relations. LBJ to Carter
29. SALT: Strategic Arms Limitations Talk. No one can make any more missiles. 
30. Nixon & China: First time US Prez had visited China. Normalize relations to China. 
31. Helsinki Accords: Declaration to attempt to improve relations between Communist bloc and West. Not binding. Nice effort, though.
32. Pope John Paul II: Polish. 1^st Non-Italian in 400 years. Hates Commys. Inspires Poland nationalism. 
33. Afghanistan: USSR’s Vietnam, also showed that guerrillas could defeat a superpower. Kinda set up modern Afghanistan. 
34. Mahajeeden:Holy Fighters that were US backed and against USSR-NOT Al-Qaeda
35. Sandinistas: Socialist party in Nicaragua. Led by Ortega.
36. Daniel Ortega: Leader of Sandinistas in Nicaragua.
37. Contras: Opposed Sandinistas. 
38. MAD: Mutually Assured Destruction. If we go nuclear, we all die.
39. Lech Walesa: Led Polish Solidarity movement.
40. Solidarity: Underground Polish labour union, rebellion movement.
41. Grenada: We sent forces here to avoid Communist takeover-Reagan administration. 
42. SDI: “Star Wars”. Reagan’s Strategic Defense Initiative. Lasers and stuff.
43. Gorbachev: Last leader of SOVIET Union. Friend of Reagan. Communist, but saw that it needed to be reformed. Perestroika and Glasnost.
44. Chernobyl- Nuclear power plant in in Russia that went boom. Demonstrated nuclear fallout and how incompetent and careless Russia was.
45. Glasnost- “Openness”, a policy under Gorbachev where you could speak and print freely bout the shortcomings of the Communist regime without being punished for it. People stated protesting.
46. Perestroika- “Restructuring”, policy which allowed small capitalist entities such as small businesses. This was not meant to end the communist regime, but make it work.
47. Reykjavik- Capital of Iceland, Where Gorbachev and Reagan met to talk about arms limitations, Reagan wasn’t pleased with banning all ballistic missiles and walked out. Next time in Reykjavik, Gorbachev and Reagan agreed to remove all intermediate missiles.
48. Nicolae Ceausescu- Romanian Communist Leader, extremely brutal, kept hold long after the other satellites had fallen, finally overthrown and killed by his people.(Think Mussolini and Ghadafi)
49. 1989- year when the Soviet Union fell.Events began in Poland with Solidarity, then to Hungary, East Germany, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia and Romania. One feature common to most of these developments was the extensive use of campaigns of civil resistance demonstrating popular opposition to the continuation of one-party rule and contributing to the pressure for change. Romania was the only Eastern Bloc country to overthrow its Communist regime violently. The Tiananmen Square protests of 1989 failed to stimulate major political changes in China. However, powerful images of courageous defiance during that protest helped to spark a precipitation of events in other parts of the globe. Among the famous anti-Communist revolutions was the fall of the Berlin Wall, which served as the symbolic gateway to German reunification in 1990.
50. German Reunification- 1990, Helmut Kohl was Chancellor. West Germany was very prosperous and had to lift up East economically, presented many challenges.
51. Boris Yeltsin- First President of Russia after Soviet Union fell, Hero to Russia, He was President of the Parliament and started an overthrow of the Communist Government. He stood in front of the army and they decided they wouldn’t fire.
52. Tito- Communist dictator of Yugoslavia, Behind the iron curtain but wouldn’t take orders from Moscow. When he died, Yugoslavia fell apart into several countries. 
53. Yugoslavia- Comprised of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Macedonia, Montenegro, Serbia, and Slovenia. These countries hated each other, but were kept united under the strong dictatorial control of Tito. Fell apart.
54. New World Order- The phrase "new world order", as used to herald in the post–Cold War era. This meant that Capitalism and Republicanism had become the only was for a government to run and that totalitarianism and communism was dead. All the world’s problems had been solved and this was a time of prosperity and peace. Daddy Bush
55. Slobodan Milosevic- Serbian/Yugoslavian President, Ethnic cleansing if the Muslim Bosnians out of Serbia, war criminal.
56. Margaret Thatcher- Female Reagan, First Female British Prime Minister, Longest serving, Conservative, reduced labour unions, lowered taxes, blah blah blah, hard on Soviet Union
57. Trends- Toward a welfare state, people don’t like to work, lots of money, countries go bankrupt(Talking to you Greece)

Autocracy Pt. 2 - Noah

Bishop Bossuet- Louis 14 minister and tutor, politics drawn from scripture, coined the divine right theory, power was given to kings by god and that they were only responsible to him and not the people.

Jean Baptiste Colbert- instated France’s mercantilistic policies, helps colonize france for supplies and raw materials, creates roads and canals in france based on tolls

Descartes- “I think therefore, I am”, deductive reasoning where attempts to show that a conclusion follows from a set of hypotheses, doubt everything.

Thomas Hobbes- Leviathan, government was in place to take care of the people because we are all noble savages, before government life was short, brutish, and bad. Absolutism

oliver cromwell- leader of the roundheads of the english civil war. Dictator of the commonwealth people, lord protector, restricted anglicans and catholics, banned theatre, more powerful than the king, names his son successor but he couldn’t hang onto power, the people demanded a restoration of the monarchy.

Pugachev-led insurrection against Catharine the Great, involved religious dissenters and peasants

Catharine the Great- not russian, german, a pretending enlightened despot, married russian czar and then had him killed b/c he was incompetent, increased system of servitude, gained recognition as protector of the balkan slavs, gained sea access- n coast of black sea.

Ivan the Great- he tripled the territory of his state, ended the dominance of the Golden Horde over the Rus, renovated the Moscow Kremlin, and laid the foundations of the Russian state. He was one of the longest-reigning Russian rulers in history.

Frederick the Great- Prussian King, strengthened monarch’s power, enlightened, created bureaus to compartmentalize government, protected industry, bank of berlin, introduced crops, extremely strong army but hardly used, restructured taxes, lutheran but tolerant,

Joseph 2- Austrian/HRE, freed all serfs, granted wide religious tolerance, catholic but did not allow any control of the pope, great development,

Maria Theresa- ruled austria in her own name, gave religious tolerance, women’s rights, education. Governed for the people, mother of 16 children which almost all went to sit on the most powerful thrones of europe, Joseph 2 was one of them

Versailles- built by louis 14, intended to strip nobles power by bringing them to the king and making them puppets. they did not have any real power and were lavished everyday with feast, shows, and other things, gave the king all power

Galileo- developed a better telescope, validated the heliocentric theory, dialogue concerning the two chief world systems, investigated by the roman inquisition, house arrest, excommunicated, catholic in italy, supported by protestants

The third rome- moscow, 1st-rome, 2nd-constantinople, name given b/c this is where the orthodox church moved after constantinople, also was the seat of a czar(caesar)

Deism- religious philosophy is the belief that reason and observation of the natural world, without the need for organized religion, can determine that the universe is the product of an all-powerful creator. According to deists, the creator does not intervene in human affairs or suspend the natural laws of the universe.

Isaac Newton- British, Principia, made the world explainable, the universe was a machine, calculus, religious

Habeas Corpus- a term that represents an important right granted to individuals. Basically, a writ of habeas corpus is a judicial mandate requiring that a prisoner be brought before the court to determine whether the government has the right to continue detaining them. The individual being held or their representative can petition the court for such a writ. Charles the 2nd In england signed this into law

Window to the West- Peter the Great’s goal to get a year round seaport that can easily access the rest of Europe, he got his wish when he gained land and founded St. Petersburg. Peter moved the Russian seat of government here for a time, defeats Sweden for this land.

Boyars- Russian Nobles, very orthodox, rebelled against Peter, did not want any contact with western Europe, many were killed for going against Peter.

Divine Right- Kings believed that God gave them power to rule and that they could do anything they wanted to because of that, They believed that they were only responsible to God, and not any of their subjects. Produced some very ruthless and bad kings.

Whigs- party that opposed the King of England, mostly anglican, peaceful political party that formed under Charles 2

Tories- anti-king, protestant rights

Mercantilism- trade policy that aimed to export more than export, a main reason for colonization- get raw goods and bring them back to the mother country to sell to the rest of Europe

Autocracy- people wanted more order than a local lord, also the services central government offered appealed to the people. It was caused by disease, war, and lords gaining power and creating strong central governments.

Autocracy

Richelieu- regent for Louis 13, pretty much created the french central government, asserted royal control over the nobility, took away huguenot’s privileges, asserted that france was the dominant european power, expanded royal bureaucracies, started appointments of skilled and learned people instead of inherited power, put down huguenot revolt and opposed them in 30 years war

Mazarin- regent for Louis 14, continues the policies of Richelieu until Louis can govern he continues as chief minister until his death. He was far less popular though because he was italian running the french government. anti hapsburg and expansionist. helped add to french land holdings.

the Fronde- nobel uprising over the crown taking their power, means “slingshot” b/c that was used to break the windows of the royal government. Also to protect the liberty of the parliament and it’s duties from royal encroachment. This uprising created chaos that Louis the 14 put down. Showed that the king could give order that strengthened the crown and proved the crown was sovereign.

Louis 14- “the sun King”, a divine right theorist, he spent all of france’s money reserves and all their inflow, left france in much debt. he was involved in many wars of conquest, but he didn't gain a lot of land in the end b/c the lines were always fluctuating. revoked edict of nantes and expelled huguenots out of the country which greatly harmed the economy b/c they made up a large part of the middle class.created the golden age of french culture. created versailles to strip noble power. great patron of arts, food, science, etc.

Bourbons- french monarch house, henry 4 was first bourbon king of france, originally huguenot but transferred to catholicism for the crown. house rules france until the monarchy is abolished in france. anti hapsburg

Habsburgs- family that ruled the holy roman empire, very catholic, also they ruled spain and austria. very powerful and dominant family in European history. a decedents controlled half of europe by this time(spain, HRE, parts of italy)

Hohenzollerns- Prussian royal family, the electors of brandenburg that gained power and created a very powerful german state. the fredericks and frederick wilhelms kings.

Romanovs- family that ruled russia until the 20th century, michael romanov was elected czar of russia after the previous dynasty failed to produce a surviving heir. interrupted line of divine right monarchs until the communist revolution :(

James 1- king of scotland, but became king of england to fill the spot that Elizabeth left, first Stuart, protestant, not catholic like mother (Mary queen of Scots), KJV bible, jamestown, rejected the right of parliament, strictly divine right, supported by house of lord, but not commons, had to ask parliament for funds to support his extravagant spending. tried to raise illegal funds but was stopped, refused to give right to puritans

Charles 1- more inflexible than father(James 1), had an uprising in scotland-short parliament that was 3 wks tried to make his concede power and had to ask parliament for money he was forced to sign the petition of rights(king under the law, no martial law in peacetime, no imprisonment w/o trial), didn’t call parliament for very long time, long parliament- refused to end session, king sent troops to arrest his criticizers but they escaped, forced people to take side, started english civil war. Eventually beheaded.

Charles 2- son of charles 1, restored as king after the cromwell period, the merry monarch, sat back and didn;t do anything.had to give up significant powers to parliament, signed the magna carta, petition of rights, and agreed to parliaments terms, reinstated anglicanism and no catholics.

James 2- brother of charles 2, forgot about what happened to daddy, tries to restre divine right and tries to restore roman catholicism, dissolved parliament and put son(catholic) in line to be king, overthrown but not killed

William and Mary- invited to england and given throne, protestant and daughter of james 2 first wife, had to sign all of parliament’s terms, they took their armis to fight but that was not needed

Anne- another daughter of james 2, last stuart, united scotland and england, union jack flag, no children, passed throne to closest male relative(son of Sofia and electress of the Hanover area of germany)

George 1- first hanover king, after Anne, german, did not know english, created the “Prime Minister” Position

Sir Robert Walpole-first prime minister of england, appointed by the king(at this time), gave more power to the house of commons while stripping more noble power.

Leopold 1- HRE, defeated turks at the gates at vienna and turned them back, this signaled the decline of the ottoman empire

French Economic Problems- they spent too much, major blow when louis 14 kicked the merchant huguenots out of france, they taxed but it could not support the extravagant spending of the monarchy, these economic problems eventually led to the french revolution,

Cavaliers- supported the king james 1 in the english civil war, north, Anglican,

Roundheads- supported parliaments rights, south, london, better army than king’s, scotland alliance, oliver cromwell lead, puritan

John Locke- his ideas we presented in the petition of rights, life, liberty, and property, social contracts, government by the consent of the governed, very radical stance at this time,

The scientific revolution- great leaps from what was then common knowledge, discoveries in zoology, botany, natural laws, astronomy, etc. started by kings who employed scientist to find out new war methods(led to other discoveries), the reformation encouraged science b/c they mandated literacy they also set a tradition of defying the catholic doctrine, renaissance humanism led to reason, the printing press circulated ideas of the scholars and their work

Francis bacon- creator of the experimental method(scientific method), not really a scientist, created royal society of london, visionary of scientific discovery, wanted discoveries to be made through systematic research not just observations,

Glorious Revolution- when William and Mary led their army to take the english throne but didn't fight. peaceful and bloodless transfer of power from james 2 to his daughter, ushered in a new era of the monarch being under the will of the people.

Henry 4- first bourbon king of france, huguenot but converted to catholicism(“Paris is worth a mass), issued edict of nantes which allowed religious toleration to the huguenots, assassinated and crown passed to another bourbon(would be until french rev)