Etruscans- Rulers of Rome before driven out, harsh kings, led to Rome’s Republic. Northern Italy, literate(can’t be deciphered), driven out because of rape of a virtuous roman woman.
Senate- Governing body of the Roman republic, 100-300 hundred patrician senators, voted on laws for both classes, for a long time no plebeians.
Patricians- Wealthy land owner aristocrats, also the ruling class of the roman republic
Plebeians- The lower class in Rome. Not exactly poor, just not of noble blood or enough land
Tribunes- had the right to convene the plebeian council, and to act as the president. Right to proposed legislation before it. had the power to veto actions taken by magistrates, and specifically to intervene legally on behalf of plebeians. The tribune could also summon the Senate and lay proposals before it.
Punic Wars- 1- Carthage V Rome. Rome won easily b/c of strong navy, won Sicily and other islands off of italy.
2- War of revenge by hannibal, carth. broke the lenient peace treaty the ended the 1st, han led army through spain and down to italy through the alps, elephant guy, fought in/around rome for 10 yrs, Gec. Scipio led army to carthage itself, carth surrendered at zamos. Rome gained west med(including spain)
3- cado- “rome must be destroyed” - 149bc rome launched a preemptive war to totally destroy carthage. killed or enslaved everybody, poured salt on ground to prevent farming
Gracchi Brothers- Gaius and tiberius, formed the populares mvmt. Tiberius- limited land ownership- killed w. chair, gaius- welfare to poor-committed suicide.
Pop. revolt- upper gov. officials lost some power when it was given to the mil. grew into the 12 tables which wrote down law code for the first time since Hammurabi
1st Triumvirate- Caesar, Pompey, and Crassus- three very powerful roman generals. crassus dies, leaved the other 2 to battle for power. caesar was very popular, seized power, became the dictator
Julius Caesar- extremely well liked general who made fame while in Gaul suppressing the celts. Crossed the rubicon, first in a long live of princeps(first citizen) or later on emperors
Pompey- Part of the 1st triumvirate, helped crush the Spartacus rebellion w/ caesar, very powerful general
Brutus and Cassius- thought caesar became too powerful, plotted his assassination. they loved rome more. stabbed 23 time with conspirators, the ides of march
Mark Antony- Caesar’s most trusted general under him, turned rome against assassins, eventually fight Octavian for control of rome, love affair with cleopatra
Octavian- Caesars adopted son, willed estate and army to him, fought Antony for control of rome ,won, senate gave him the title of princep, and renamed him augustus
Augustus- the new name of octavian, the new emperor, maintained republican appearance, gave land out, didnt name successor
Pax Romana- the 1000 years that rome dominated europe, and the time of no major external conflicts or wars.
Justinian- Last that tries to reconnect the western and eastern empires, after he fails, the west goes into the middle ages while the east continues to thrive, codified law- justinian code, compiled roman law, first sine 12 tables.
Virgil- Wrote the Aeneid, linked Grecian history with rome, it was romes duty to govern the world, golden
horace- roman lyric poet during the augustan age, odes, live for today, golden age
Juvenal- satiric, fater of the satires, silver age
Martial- best known for his twelve books of Epigrams, published in Rome between AD 86 and 103, during the reigns of the emperors Domitian, Nerva and Trajan. In these short, witty poems he cheerfully satirises city life and the scandalous activities of his acquaintances, and romanticises his provincial upbringing. He wrote a total of 1,561, of which 1,235 are in elegiac couplets. He is considered to be the creator of the modern epigram.
Romance Languages- the Italic languages subfamily, comprising all the languages that descend from Vulgar Latin, the language of ancient Rome. Spanish Portugeese, french,italian, romanian, catalan- six most popular
Christian Martyrs- St. perpetua and St.felicity, st. perter, ect. people who died by being persecuted for their beliefs.
Constantine- Roman emp who converted to christianity, made it a legal religion, legalized by edict of milan, also the nicene creed that layed out official dogma. Made byzantium the capital.
Diocletion- widespread persecutor of Christians, split empire into for tetrarchies, but two main parts, had four emps, he was the most powerful.
Edict of milan- nicene creed- see above
Patriarchs- leaders of the church in four or five main cities- rome Jerusalem, Antioch, alexandria, constantinople. the one in rome eventually became the papacy, the others stayed as very important bishops. leaders of the church
Christianity- I hope you don’t need this explained to you.
Paul- previously saul, persecuted Christians, converted on road to Damascus, became a disciple, spread Christianity to everyone not just jews. Wrote the epistles, or letters to churches of the roman empire.
Peter- jesus said that he would build the church, one of the original apostles, original pope, st peters basilica, founded important churches of rome
Huns- asiatic barbarians that conquered uncivilized europe on ponyback, drove germanic tribes in the the borders of the roman empire for protection. killed or enslaved their conquered
German tribes- uncivilized, tribe life, no central government, the goths, saxons, franks, the vandals, usually welcomed in previous times, but they ended up contributing to the downfall of the western empire.
Adrianople- goths defeated roman legion, first defeat since the pax romana began. in the balkans
Atila- leader of the huns, very bad guy, liked to ride ponies. very powerful
Odoacer- the first Germanic person to hold the wester roman empire’s title of emporer. 476- the end of western empire.
Theodosius- Made christianity the official state religion of the eastern roman empire. Last emp to rule over both halves of the empire.
Marcus Aruelius- One of the five good emp, philosopher king that plato described, great stoic mind
The Republic- Rome’s greatest accomplishment, patrician senators, and 1 year consuls. eventually gave power to plebeians.
Twelve Tables- written roman law of the republic, served as the constitution and the basis of the republic. very important part of history- law was written and you knew was was illegal.
Cicero- very famous orator, lawyer, and writer of the golden age of Rome. Said to have given latin it’s form.
Trajan- under his reign, rome was at it’s height in land area, first to be born outside of the italian province, public assistance, good relation with his subjects.
Livy- greatest historian(besides shelby) wrote about roman rise to the age of augustus, friend and family of the emperors, he recorded everything this is how we know so much about early roman empire. Golden age
Tacitus- Critic of contemporaries- annals and histories, examined the reigns of tiberius, claudius, and nero, and those who reigned in the year of the four emperors. silver age
Seneca- encouraged stoicism, wrote tragedys and satires. silver age
Ptolemy- famous Alexandrian(Egypt) astronomer during the augustan age. Formed a heliocentric view.
Galen- wrote encyclopedia of medical knowledge, became the basis of medicine throughout the middle ages
Rome’s Fall- population decline, rise of christianity(central gov. lost power to the church), large debt, weak and unskilled emps, declining wealth to the east, invader(germanic) civil war, loss of democratic rights, inflation, too large, over taxation, low birth rates, cynicism of ruling class, no means of stable succession
Epistles- leters paul wrote to the churches of the roman empire laying out common practices and beliefs that form the Christian faith.
St. Jerome- studied greek and roman lit, retreated from world to a monastery in Bethlehem, translated bible into latin. the vulgate, or st. jerome’s bible, the bible which catholicism is based on.
St. augustine- not raised Christian, studied rhetoric and moved to rome, baptized by st. ambrose, a skeptic, Confession-personal struggle with evil, City of god- there are two cities- worldly and heavenly, forms basis for medieval christianity
Sunday, October 2, 2011
Sunday, September 11, 2011
Let's Get Hellenistic-Lecture Test II
I. Minoans: Created civilization on island of Crete. They were either destroyed by volcanic eruption or Myceneans. Entered Bronze Age. Built palace at Kinolsis.
II. Crete: Island in Agean Sea where Minoans lived.
III. Homer: “Blind Bard”-The Illiad & The Odyssey-considered most famous epic poet.
IV. Illiad & Odyssey: Two epic poems by Homer. Basis for Greek life-taught to all. Illiad: 10 year siege of the city of Troy. Odyssey: Odysseus (a warrior) travels home-takes 10 years.
V. Dorians: Invaded Greece from the North & settled on Peloponnesus. Became Spartans. After their invasion, Greece entered the Dark Ages.
VI. Parts of a city-state: Acropolis (temple, highest point), Agora (market place), and farms
VII. Greek Religion: Polytheistic, Sophistry, Epicureanism, and Stoicism
VIII. Pericles: Leader of Athens during Golden Age-great orator
IX. *Patricians: Aristocratic class-could be in Senate (They are Roman)
X. *Plebians: Middle class & poor of Rome
XI. Democracy: Birthplace is in Athens, rule by people, Cleisthenes is considered the father
XII. Athens: Birthplace of democracy and philosophy
XIII. Sparta: Peloponnesus. Military state-paranoid.
XIV. Helots: Slaves of Sparta
XV. Peloponnesus: Peninsula of Sparta
XVI. Delphi: Oracle of Greece-located at Temple of Apollo
XVII. Olympics: 776 BC-every 4 years-rivalry between city-states-gave credit to individuals
XVIII. Zeus: King of gods-lived on top of Mt. Olympus
XIX. Battles of Persian Wars: Thermopalye and Marathon
XX. Greek art-characteristics: Idealistic-“perfect human form”-celebration of the nude
XXI. Theatre of Dinoysus: Tragedy and comedy festival-playwrights-awards were given
XXII. Aeschylus: playwright-themes of pride and arrogance-Orestia Trilogy-father of the tragedy
XXIII. Sophocles: playwright -themes of the struggle for knowledge-Theban Trilogy-Oedipus Rex
XXIV. Euripides: playwright-themes of man not being in control-Medea
XXV. Aristophanes: father of Greek comedy, The Clouds/Birds/Frogs-satirical works
XXVI. Herodotus: Father of modern history-wrote about Persian Wars
XXVII. Thucydides: Factual, disregarded myths-wrote about the Peloponnesian War
XXVIII. Hippocrates: Father of modern medical science-attributed disease to natural cause
XXIX. Sophist: Truth = relative, “wisdom munger”, associate with Protagorous saying “man is the measure of all things”
XXX. Socrates: Father of modern philosophy-wrote questioning dialects-forced to drink hemlock for “corrupting youth”
XXXI. Plato: wrote “The Republic”-believed in Universal Truth-father of idealism-established The Academy
XXXII. Aristotle: tutored Alexander the Great-father of biology-opened Lyceum school
XXXIII. Peloponnesian War: Sparta vs Athens-Sparta wins due to plague in Athens-ends Greek Classical Age
XXXIV. Philip of Macedonia: Forced Greece to unify-began mission to conquer Persia
XXXV. Alexander the Great: Conquered Persians and Syria-created largest empire-est. Alexandria cities-wherever he went, he took Greek culture-died young-leaving his generals to fight over his kingdom
XXXVI. Stoics: Reasoning—not emotions, founder is Zeno-met in Stoa-accept all indifferently
XXXVII. Epicureans: founded by Epicuras-help people find happiness-no public affairs-seek pleasure, avoid pain
OTHERS-Not on study guide, but Peck said they were on the test…well, he thought so anyway…
1. Cynics: founded by Diogenes-big downers
2. Euclid: elements of geometry
3. Ptolemy: Algamist-basis of astronomy
4. Eristosthanes: circumference of the Earth, studied geography
5. Archimedes: Physics-levers, screws-calculated Pi
6. Hippoarcras: dvlp. Latitude and longitude
7. Aristocaras: dvlp. Heliocentric view of the Earth
8. Plato’s Republic 3 classes: Reason (philosophers), Spirit (warriors), and Appetite (middle class)
9. Solon: reformed the laws of Athens-state was the enforcers of justice
10. Draco: wrote 1st Athens law code
11. Hesiod: Works & Days, Theogony-wrote about daily life
12. Delian League: 150 Greek city-states
13. Cult of Isis: Like the Egyptian cult-offered marriage and life after death
II. Crete: Island in Agean Sea where Minoans lived.
III. Homer: “Blind Bard”-The Illiad & The Odyssey-considered most famous epic poet.
IV. Illiad & Odyssey: Two epic poems by Homer. Basis for Greek life-taught to all. Illiad: 10 year siege of the city of Troy. Odyssey: Odysseus (a warrior) travels home-takes 10 years.
V. Dorians: Invaded Greece from the North & settled on Peloponnesus. Became Spartans. After their invasion, Greece entered the Dark Ages.
VI. Parts of a city-state: Acropolis (temple, highest point), Agora (market place), and farms
VII. Greek Religion: Polytheistic, Sophistry, Epicureanism, and Stoicism
VIII. Pericles: Leader of Athens during Golden Age-great orator
IX. *Patricians: Aristocratic class-could be in Senate (They are Roman)
X. *Plebians: Middle class & poor of Rome
XI. Democracy: Birthplace is in Athens, rule by people, Cleisthenes is considered the father
XII. Athens: Birthplace of democracy and philosophy
XIII. Sparta: Peloponnesus. Military state-paranoid.
XIV. Helots: Slaves of Sparta
XV. Peloponnesus: Peninsula of Sparta
XVI. Delphi: Oracle of Greece-located at Temple of Apollo
XVII. Olympics: 776 BC-every 4 years-rivalry between city-states-gave credit to individuals
XVIII. Zeus: King of gods-lived on top of Mt. Olympus
XIX. Battles of Persian Wars: Thermopalye and Marathon
XX. Greek art-characteristics: Idealistic-“perfect human form”-celebration of the nude
XXI. Theatre of Dinoysus: Tragedy and comedy festival-playwrights-awards were given
XXII. Aeschylus: playwright-themes of pride and arrogance-Orestia Trilogy-father of the tragedy
XXIII. Sophocles: playwright -themes of the struggle for knowledge-Theban Trilogy-Oedipus Rex
XXIV. Euripides: playwright-themes of man not being in control-Medea
XXV. Aristophanes: father of Greek comedy, The Clouds/Birds/Frogs-satirical works
XXVI. Herodotus: Father of modern history-wrote about Persian Wars
XXVII. Thucydides: Factual, disregarded myths-wrote about the Peloponnesian War
XXVIII. Hippocrates: Father of modern medical science-attributed disease to natural cause
XXIX. Sophist: Truth = relative, “wisdom munger”, associate with Protagorous saying “man is the measure of all things”
XXX. Socrates: Father of modern philosophy-wrote questioning dialects-forced to drink hemlock for “corrupting youth”
XXXI. Plato: wrote “The Republic”-believed in Universal Truth-father of idealism-established The Academy
XXXII. Aristotle: tutored Alexander the Great-father of biology-opened Lyceum school
XXXIII. Peloponnesian War: Sparta vs Athens-Sparta wins due to plague in Athens-ends Greek Classical Age
XXXIV. Philip of Macedonia: Forced Greece to unify-began mission to conquer Persia
XXXV. Alexander the Great: Conquered Persians and Syria-created largest empire-est. Alexandria cities-wherever he went, he took Greek culture-died young-leaving his generals to fight over his kingdom
XXXVI. Stoics: Reasoning—not emotions, founder is Zeno-met in Stoa-accept all indifferently
XXXVII. Epicureans: founded by Epicuras-help people find happiness-no public affairs-seek pleasure, avoid pain
OTHERS-Not on study guide, but Peck said they were on the test…well, he thought so anyway…
1. Cynics: founded by Diogenes-big downers
2. Euclid: elements of geometry
3. Ptolemy: Algamist-basis of astronomy
4. Eristosthanes: circumference of the Earth, studied geography
5. Archimedes: Physics-levers, screws-calculated Pi
6. Hippoarcras: dvlp. Latitude and longitude
7. Aristocaras: dvlp. Heliocentric view of the Earth
8. Plato’s Republic 3 classes: Reason (philosophers), Spirit (warriors), and Appetite (middle class)
9. Solon: reformed the laws of Athens-state was the enforcers of justice
10. Draco: wrote 1st Athens law code
11. Hesiod: Works & Days, Theogony-wrote about daily life
12. Delian League: 150 Greek city-states
13. Cult of Isis: Like the Egyptian cult-offered marriage and life after death
Sunday, August 21, 2011
Peckture Test Uno-Cradle Of Civilization
1. Paleolithic Period: “Old stone age”-lasts till about 10,000 BC, hunters/gatherers, very small human population, very little advancement, primitive fish hooks sewing of animal hide, cave drawings, ended with the retreat of the glaciers and the extinction of animals.
2. Neolithic Period: “New stone age”-10,000-6,000 BC-small animals, domestication of animals, and the establishment of systematic agriculture = more dependent food supply, beginning of semi-permanent villages, wood working, farm tools, pottery, textiles, and bronze(also called bronze age)
3. Agricultural Revolution: Leads to trade-before this, famine was frequent-leads to the establishment of civilization (along with writing), gave humans relative control over their food supply.
4. Civilization: 4,000 BC-Mesopotamia or the land between the Tigris and Euphrates. The Fertile Crescent. Sumer was the first recorded culture with cuneiform.
5. Mesopotamia Civilization: Tigris & Euphrates River. Sumer was the main city. Sustained by an arc of land called the Fertile Crescent. Oldest Civilization. Sargon formed the 1st empire here. plagued by unpredictable floods and weather patterns, the climate and geography caused the need for order, which led to the rise of the first true civilizations.
6. Sumer: Bottom of Mesopotamia. Modern-day Iraq. Cuneiform appeared here. The Epic of Gilgamesh appeared here. The first culture to be recorded, and to have all elements of civilization(Art, writing, religion, ag, law, and urban life.) 12 city-states Ziggurat was at the center.
7. The Epic of Gilgamesh: 1st known epic. Tells the story of Gilgamesh & Enkidu. Foretells the “Great Flood”. Story of man’s quest for immortality. Written in cuneiform.
8. Sargon: Formed 1st empire- Akkadian empire-took over Sumer from neighboring Akkad, adapted sumerian culture. United Akkadia and Sumer.
9. Old Babylonians: Defeated Sargon-established new capital at Babylon-led by King Hammurabi, NOT biblical
10. Assyrians: Defeated Old Babylonians-horseback warriors-created the greatest empire thus far-maintained control of the Fertile Crescent and Egypt-established capital at Nineveh-developed road systems, extremely ruthless people. Built great library with 22,000 cuneiform tablets(King Ashurbanipal’s Library at Nineveh).
11. Chaldeans (New Babylonians): Rebuilt Babylon under King Nebuchadnezzar -around 600 BC (like it matters)-the Hanging Gardens were built for Neb’s wife. Jerusalem was destroyed-Hebrews were taken captive = Bible. They also were very good at astrology, woo.
12. Neb: King of New Babylon-built Hanging Gardens-had some serious issues with Hebrews… destroyed Jerusalem
13. Cyrus: King of Persia-united all of Persia by defeating New Babylon-New capital was at Persepolis-adopted Zoroastrianism-very tolerant-accepted as King by all, even them there Hebrews
14. The Persians: Believed in Zoroastrianism- led by Cyrus The Great-overtook New Babylonians, divided into satrapies for efficiency, each ruled by a dynastic governor that answered directly to the king of persia, greatest empire the world had ever seen to that point. religious freedom in each province, brought egypt, middle east, indus valley, and greece under their control.
15. Hammurabi & His Code: 1st law code. 1. Unequal class punishment 2. Eye for an eye 3. Semi-private admin. of justice (self-administration, revenge is totally cool)
16. Cuneiform: 3,500 BC-Sumerians-1st dvlp. of writing, primary writing system of the middle east(until the egyptians and Phoenicians) We can read it!
17. Sumerian Contributions: Cuneiform, base 60 number system, several agricultural techniques(irrigation, canals, etc,) lit, the basis of world civ.
18. Zoroastrianism: Persian religion-quazi-monotheistic-dualism between (good) Ahura-mazda and (evil) Ahriman, Zoroaster was very obviously the founder-he called it the “true religion”, internal struggle for good and the light, good wins
19. Egypt: Herodotus called it “the gift of the Nile”-Lower = North, Upper = South-it was separated into 3 kingdoms-the longest and arguably the most prosperous of the ancient middle eastern civilizations
20. Gift of the Nile: Controllable and predicatable flooding = rich soil = urban areas around rich soil. 7-12 mile off the the Nile which provided the Egyptians with enough farmland to sustain the civ.
21. Narmer/Menes: 1st Pharaoh-united Upper & Lower Egypt, wore both crowns.
22. Pharoah: King of the people-viewed as a god, the extension of the sun god Ra, Horus on earth, all powerful.
23. The Old Kingdom: age of the great pyramids, memphis, formation of the massive polytheistic religion, very stable, pharaoh was not personable, ma’at, cult of osiris was for pharaohs, noble and rich peeps.
24. Memphis: Capital of Old Kingdom
25. Thebes: Capital of Middle Kingdom (and most of New Kingdom)
26. Hyksos: 3 contributions: 1. Horse 2. Chariot 3. Body Armor. Took over Egypt during Middle Kingdom. Finally enslaved or driven out by the Egyptians.
27. The New Kingdom: Empire Period-greatest power achieved under Thutmose III-2 new Egyptian social classes appeared: soldiers and slaves, time of conquering.
28. Ma’at: “rule book” for Pharoahs in governing their people, the Ancient Egyptian concept of truth, balance, order, law, morality, and justice. Ma'at was also personified as a goddess regulating the stars, seasons, and the actions of both mortals and the deities, who set the order of the universe.
29. Hatsheput: 1st female ruler-18th dynasty-dressed as male-her name was later erased from temples by her successor son
30. Ra: god of sun, thought to be the heavenly body of the pharaoh
31. Ka: The soul in Egyptian culture, reason for mummification, Egyptian concept of vital essence, that which distinguishes the difference between a living and a dead person, with death occurring when the ka left the body. had to be kept alive, put stuff in tombs to satisfy it, kinda weird.
32. Step Pyramid: 1st pyramid ever built
33. Osiris Cult: A cult in worship of Osiris, god of the afterlife-played into the burial rituals-reserved for the pharaoh and nobles in old, then to all by new kingdom. called for extensive mummification and satisfaction of the Ka.
34. Amenhotep/Akhenaton: introduced monotheism-worship of Aten-closed all other religious temples-opened largest temple in Ancient world, reverted to tradition my King Tut cause it didn’t work well.
35. The Edwin Smith Papyrus: Smith found papyrus that described medical cases in detail-showed diagnosis and treatment-Egyptians believed sickness was natural phenomenon.
36. Phoenicians: sea-farers, dvlp. 1st true alphabet, also created a lovely purple dye, alphabet adopted by Greece and Rome.
37. Arameans: developed Aramaic = commercial language of fertile crescent…and Jesus = international language, Damascus, desert traders
38. Hebrew: Jews, God’s chosen people, founded Israel and Jerusalem, developed the concept of ethical monotheism. Saul, David, Solomon, read notes-(theres a lot of stuff on them, mostly lame)
39. Abraham: father of the Hebrew, left Ur and led followers to Herram where God revealed himself
40. Saul: 1st king of Hebrews in the 11th century
41. David: Established Jerusalem-defeated Philistines
42. Solomon: Greatest Hebrew power for king-built the Great Palace of Jerusalem-700 wives (pimpin’)-overtaxed the people = demise of kingdom
43. Babylonian Captivity: New Babylonians, under King Neb, take Hebrews captive = Bible written-remain captive until Cyrus (Persians)
44. Hebrew Religion: Monotheistic-God was transcendent (created nature, but not of nature)-God gave people freewill-the Jews, led way to many world religions.
2. Neolithic Period: “New stone age”-10,000-6,000 BC-small animals, domestication of animals, and the establishment of systematic agriculture = more dependent food supply, beginning of semi-permanent villages, wood working, farm tools, pottery, textiles, and bronze(also called bronze age)
3. Agricultural Revolution: Leads to trade-before this, famine was frequent-leads to the establishment of civilization (along with writing), gave humans relative control over their food supply.
4. Civilization: 4,000 BC-Mesopotamia or the land between the Tigris and Euphrates. The Fertile Crescent. Sumer was the first recorded culture with cuneiform.
5. Mesopotamia Civilization: Tigris & Euphrates River. Sumer was the main city. Sustained by an arc of land called the Fertile Crescent. Oldest Civilization. Sargon formed the 1st empire here. plagued by unpredictable floods and weather patterns, the climate and geography caused the need for order, which led to the rise of the first true civilizations.
6. Sumer: Bottom of Mesopotamia. Modern-day Iraq. Cuneiform appeared here. The Epic of Gilgamesh appeared here. The first culture to be recorded, and to have all elements of civilization(Art, writing, religion, ag, law, and urban life.) 12 city-states Ziggurat was at the center.
7. The Epic of Gilgamesh: 1st known epic. Tells the story of Gilgamesh & Enkidu. Foretells the “Great Flood”. Story of man’s quest for immortality. Written in cuneiform.
8. Sargon: Formed 1st empire- Akkadian empire-took over Sumer from neighboring Akkad, adapted sumerian culture. United Akkadia and Sumer.
9. Old Babylonians: Defeated Sargon-established new capital at Babylon-led by King Hammurabi, NOT biblical
10. Assyrians: Defeated Old Babylonians-horseback warriors-created the greatest empire thus far-maintained control of the Fertile Crescent and Egypt-established capital at Nineveh-developed road systems, extremely ruthless people. Built great library with 22,000 cuneiform tablets(King Ashurbanipal’s Library at Nineveh).
11. Chaldeans (New Babylonians): Rebuilt Babylon under King Nebuchadnezzar -around 600 BC (like it matters)-the Hanging Gardens were built for Neb’s wife. Jerusalem was destroyed-Hebrews were taken captive = Bible. They also were very good at astrology, woo.
12. Neb: King of New Babylon-built Hanging Gardens-had some serious issues with Hebrews… destroyed Jerusalem
13. Cyrus: King of Persia-united all of Persia by defeating New Babylon-New capital was at Persepolis-adopted Zoroastrianism-very tolerant-accepted as King by all, even them there Hebrews
14. The Persians: Believed in Zoroastrianism- led by Cyrus The Great-overtook New Babylonians, divided into satrapies for efficiency, each ruled by a dynastic governor that answered directly to the king of persia, greatest empire the world had ever seen to that point. religious freedom in each province, brought egypt, middle east, indus valley, and greece under their control.
15. Hammurabi & His Code: 1st law code. 1. Unequal class punishment 2. Eye for an eye 3. Semi-private admin. of justice (self-administration, revenge is totally cool)
16. Cuneiform: 3,500 BC-Sumerians-1st dvlp. of writing, primary writing system of the middle east(until the egyptians and Phoenicians) We can read it!
17. Sumerian Contributions: Cuneiform, base 60 number system, several agricultural techniques(irrigation, canals, etc,) lit, the basis of world civ.
18. Zoroastrianism: Persian religion-quazi-monotheistic-dualism between (good) Ahura-mazda and (evil) Ahriman, Zoroaster was very obviously the founder-he called it the “true religion”, internal struggle for good and the light, good wins
19. Egypt: Herodotus called it “the gift of the Nile”-Lower = North, Upper = South-it was separated into 3 kingdoms-the longest and arguably the most prosperous of the ancient middle eastern civilizations
20. Gift of the Nile: Controllable and predicatable flooding = rich soil = urban areas around rich soil. 7-12 mile off the the Nile which provided the Egyptians with enough farmland to sustain the civ.
21. Narmer/Menes: 1st Pharaoh-united Upper & Lower Egypt, wore both crowns.
22. Pharoah: King of the people-viewed as a god, the extension of the sun god Ra, Horus on earth, all powerful.
23. The Old Kingdom: age of the great pyramids, memphis, formation of the massive polytheistic religion, very stable, pharaoh was not personable, ma’at, cult of osiris was for pharaohs, noble and rich peeps.
24. Memphis: Capital of Old Kingdom
25. Thebes: Capital of Middle Kingdom (and most of New Kingdom)
26. Hyksos: 3 contributions: 1. Horse 2. Chariot 3. Body Armor. Took over Egypt during Middle Kingdom. Finally enslaved or driven out by the Egyptians.
27. The New Kingdom: Empire Period-greatest power achieved under Thutmose III-2 new Egyptian social classes appeared: soldiers and slaves, time of conquering.
28. Ma’at: “rule book” for Pharoahs in governing their people, the Ancient Egyptian concept of truth, balance, order, law, morality, and justice. Ma'at was also personified as a goddess regulating the stars, seasons, and the actions of both mortals and the deities, who set the order of the universe.
29. Hatsheput: 1st female ruler-18th dynasty-dressed as male-her name was later erased from temples by her successor son
30. Ra: god of sun, thought to be the heavenly body of the pharaoh
31. Ka: The soul in Egyptian culture, reason for mummification, Egyptian concept of vital essence, that which distinguishes the difference between a living and a dead person, with death occurring when the ka left the body. had to be kept alive, put stuff in tombs to satisfy it, kinda weird.
32. Step Pyramid: 1st pyramid ever built
33. Osiris Cult: A cult in worship of Osiris, god of the afterlife-played into the burial rituals-reserved for the pharaoh and nobles in old, then to all by new kingdom. called for extensive mummification and satisfaction of the Ka.
34. Amenhotep/Akhenaton: introduced monotheism-worship of Aten-closed all other religious temples-opened largest temple in Ancient world, reverted to tradition my King Tut cause it didn’t work well.
35. The Edwin Smith Papyrus: Smith found papyrus that described medical cases in detail-showed diagnosis and treatment-Egyptians believed sickness was natural phenomenon.
36. Phoenicians: sea-farers, dvlp. 1st true alphabet, also created a lovely purple dye, alphabet adopted by Greece and Rome.
37. Arameans: developed Aramaic = commercial language of fertile crescent…and Jesus = international language, Damascus, desert traders
38. Hebrew: Jews, God’s chosen people, founded Israel and Jerusalem, developed the concept of ethical monotheism. Saul, David, Solomon, read notes-(theres a lot of stuff on them, mostly lame)
39. Abraham: father of the Hebrew, left Ur and led followers to Herram where God revealed himself
40. Saul: 1st king of Hebrews in the 11th century
41. David: Established Jerusalem-defeated Philistines
42. Solomon: Greatest Hebrew power for king-built the Great Palace of Jerusalem-700 wives (pimpin’)-overtaxed the people = demise of kingdom
43. Babylonian Captivity: New Babylonians, under King Neb, take Hebrews captive = Bible written-remain captive until Cyrus (Persians)
44. Hebrew Religion: Monotheistic-God was transcendent (created nature, but not of nature)-God gave people freewill-the Jews, led way to many world religions.
Let Us Begin...
Welcome to AP European...the online version.
This year, we're hoping to incorporate some more "fun" into studying for Peck. I do not know how or if that's possible, but it sounds like a cool idea.
Anyway, the lecture test guide will be posted within a few hours.
So until then, add our Facebook page. This will ensure that you receive updates on when the lecture guides are posted. We will also post reminders of test dates there. Don't worry, we know you don't need reminders...you're AP students! ;D
Oh, one last thing...You may be wondering why there's an American flag serving as the background if this is AP Euro? Well, we should always remember, that no matter what, everything is about America. Score one for Dixie.
Alright, good luck "studying".
-Heather and Noah
This year, we're hoping to incorporate some more "fun" into studying for Peck. I do not know how or if that's possible, but it sounds like a cool idea.
Anyway, the lecture test guide will be posted within a few hours.
So until then, add our Facebook page. This will ensure that you receive updates on when the lecture guides are posted. We will also post reminders of test dates there. Don't worry, we know you don't need reminders...you're AP students! ;D
Oh, one last thing...You may be wondering why there's an American flag serving as the background if this is AP Euro? Well, we should always remember, that no matter what, everything is about America. Score one for Dixie.
Alright, good luck "studying".
-Heather and Noah
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