Sunday, May 13, 2012

The Cold War

 This is the study guide we’ve all been waiting for. The final study guide in your Peck careers…oh, bittersweet.


The Cold War
BRRR
  1. Iron Curtain: Coined by Churchill. Dividing line for Europe post-WWII. Berlin Wall. 
  2. Fall of E. Europe: Revolutions of 1989 led to fall of EE. Soviet Union no longer had power/burning desire to enforce communism. They couldn’t stop countries from revolting against g’ment and EE was included in this.
  3. Truman Doctrine: Seen as cause of Cold War. Truman would offer economic/military aid to Greece & Turkey to fight Communist forces. Other countries would be aided too.
  4. Berlin Blockade: Soviet Union blockades Berlin. We airlift supplies in.
  5. The Marshall Plan: Provide European countries with money/supplies to rebuild after WWII. Protect against threat of Commys by keeping economically stable.
  6. NATO: Mutual defense against any non-NATO member. Original members: Belgium, Canada, Denmark, France, Great Britain, Iceland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, Portugal and the United States. 
  7. Mao-Tse Tung: Chinese Communist. Defeated Chiang Kai-Shek. Great Leap Forward. Cultural Revolution. 
  8. Chiang Kai-Shek: Nationalist party. Lost to Mao. Taiwan
  9. Korean War: Korea vs US., containment of communism, didn’t want communism to spread to South Korea, China Was involved, proxy war.
  10. Douglas MacArthur: General of Philippines. Fired by Truman in Korean War for wanting to attack weakened China.
  11. Gulags: Soviet Union labor camps for those opposed to communism.
  12. Warsaw Pact: Mutual defense. By Communists. If you mess with our countries, we will cut you. Counter to NATO.
  13. Nikita Khrushchev: First secretary of Soviet Union during Cold War. After Stalin. Destalinization= Denounced Stalin. Pretty chill with policies. Succeeded by Brezhnev.
  14. Hungarian Revolt: 1956. Nagy was Prime Minister as result. Kadar was foreign minister as result. Students to streets in Budapest. Occurred because of Khrushchev’s moderate policies, crushed by moscow and the policies of being nicer were abandoned.
  15. Sputnik: First satellite launched—by Soviet Union. Race to the moon.
  16. ICBMS: Missiles that contributed to MAD.  Intercontinental ballistic Missiles. Could be fired from across the world to another country( ie U.S. or USSR) 
  17. Common Market: Trade agreement between European Countries that abolished trade tariffs and trade borders. later became European Union.
  18. Fidel Castro: Overthrows Batista. Soviet Union aids him to take over Cuba.
  19. Bay of Pigs: US tries to overthrow Cuba/Castro. Failed because Cubans supported Castro. JFK admin.
  20. Berlin Wall: Iron Curtain. Separated East and West Berlin. West Berlin was cool.
  21. Vietnam War: North Vietnam-Commy. South Vietnam-US. Part of Containment. Showed that the US could be defeated by guerrilla fighters, we lost, a pain in our sides, nixon ended, very unpopular, anti war protests. proxy war 
  22. Cuban Missile Crisis: Soviet Union builds bases in Cuba. We find out. They bring missiles to Cuba. We say back off. They do at the last minute—brinkmanship warfare.
  23. Nuclear Test Ban Treaty: Bans all nuclear explosions for everyone. Not really working out too well. JFK administration.
  24. The Hotline: White House to Kremlin to avoid nuclear fallout. 
  25. Leoni Brezhnev: After Kruschnev. Continued some Stalinist policies. Sent forces to Afghanistan. His administration was plagued by economic stagnation/dissolution. Iron Fist.
  26. Prague Spring: Czechoslovakia revolution. Led by Dubcek. Havel is also a major player here.
  27. Brezhnev Doctrine: Brezhnev said if any Communist countries fell to capitalism they would be invaded and re-communiuzed.
  28. Détente: “Let’s all chill out.” Thawing out US-USSR relations. LBJ to Carter
  29. SALT: Strategic Arms Limitations Talk. No one can make any more missiles. 
  30. Nixon & China: First time US Prez had visited China. Normalize relations to China. 
  31. Helsinki Accords: Declaration to attempt to improve relations between Communist bloc and West. Not binding. Nice effort, though.
  32. Pope John Paul II: Polish. 1st Non-Italian in 400 years. Hates Commys. Inspires Poland nationalism. 
  33. Afghanistan: USSR’s Vietnam, also showed that guerrillas could defeat a superpower. Kinda set up modern Afghanistan. 
  34. Mahajeeden:Holy Fighters that were US backed and against USSR-NOT Al-Qaeda
  35. Sandinistas: Socialist party in Nicaragua. Led by Ortega.
  36. Daniel Ortega: Leader of Sandinistas in Nicaragua.
  37. Contras: Opposed Sandinistas. 
  38. MAD: Mutually Assured Destruction. If we go nuclear, we all die.
  39. Lech Walesa: Led Polish Solidarity movement.
  40. Solidarity: Underground Polish labour union, rebellion movement.
  41. Grenada: We sent forces here to avoid Communist takeover-Reagan administration. 
  42. SDI: “Star Wars”. Reagan’s Strategic Defense Initiative. Lasers and stuff.
  43. Gorbachev: Last leader of SOVIET Union. Friend of Reagan. Communist, but saw that it needed to be reformed. Perestroika and Glasnost.
  44. Chernobyl- Nuclear power plant in in Russia that went boom. Demonstrated nuclear fallout and how incompetent and careless Russia was.
  45. Glasnost- “Openness”, a policy under Gorbachev where you could speak and print freely bout the shortcomings of the Communist regime without being punished for it. People stated protesting.
  46. Perestroika- “Restructuring”, policy which allowed small capitalist entities such as small businesses. This was not meant to end the communist regime, but make it work.
  47. Reykjavik- Capital of Iceland, Where Gorbachev and Reagan met to talk about arms limitations, Reagan wasn’t pleased with banning all ballistic missiles and walked out. Next time in Reykjavik, Gorbachev and Reagan agreed to remove all intermediate missiles.
  48. Nicolae Ceausescu- Romanian Communist Leader, extremely brutal, kept hold long after the other satellites had fallen, finally overthrown and killed by his people.(Think Mussolini and Ghadafi)
  49. 1989- year when the Soviet Union fell.Events began in Poland with Solidarity, then to Hungary, East Germany, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia and Romania. One feature common to most of these developments was the extensive use of campaigns of civil resistance demonstrating popular opposition to the continuation of one-party rule and contributing to the pressure for change. Romania was the only Eastern Bloc country to overthrow its Communist regime violently. The Tiananmen Square protests of 1989 failed to stimulate major political changes in China. However, powerful images of courageous defiance during that protest helped to spark a precipitation of events in other parts of the globe. Among the famous anti-Communist revolutions was the fall of the Berlin Wall, which served as the symbolic gateway to German reunification in 1990.
  50. German Reunification- 1990, Helmut Kohl was Chancellor. West Germany was very prosperous and had to lift up East economically, presented many challenges.
  51. Boris Yeltsin- First President of Russia after Soviet Union fell, Hero to Russia, He was President of the Parliament and started an overthrow of the Communist Government. He stood in front of the army and they decided they wouldn’t fire.
  52. Tito- Communist dictator of Yugoslavia, Behind the iron curtain but wouldn’t take orders from Moscow. When he died, Yugoslavia fell apart into several countries. 
  53. Yugoslavia- Comprised of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Macedonia, Montenegro, Serbia, and Slovenia. These countries hated each other, but were kept united under the strong dictatorial control of Tito. Fell apart.
  54. New World Order- The phrase "new world order", as used to herald in the post–Cold War era. This meant that Capitalism and Republicanism had become the only was for a government to run and that totalitarianism and communism was dead. All the world’s problems had been solved and this was a time of prosperity and peace. Daddy Bush
  55. Slobodan Milosevic- Serbian/Yugoslavian President, Ethnic cleansing if the Muslim Bosnians out of Serbia, war criminal.
  56. Margaret Thatcher- Female Reagan, First Female British Prime Minister, Longest serving, Conservative, reduced labour unions, lowered taxes, blah blah blah, hard on Soviet Union
  57. Trends- Toward a welfare state, people don’t like to work, lots of money, countries go bankrupt(Talking to you Greece)

Monday, January 16, 2012

Autocracy Pt. 2 - Noah

Bishop Bossuet- Louis 14 minister and tutor, politics drawn from scripture, coined the divine right theory, power was given to kings by god and that they were only responsible to him and not the people.

Jean Baptiste Colbert- instated France’s mercantilistic policies, helps colonize france for supplies and raw materials, creates roads and canals in france based on tolls

Descartes- “I think therefore, I am”, deductive reasoning where attempts to show that a conclusion follows from a set of hypotheses, doubt everything.

Thomas Hobbes- Leviathan, government was in place to take care of the people because we are all noble savages, before government life was short, brutish, and bad. Absolutism

oliver cromwell- leader of the roundheads of the english civil war. Dictator of the commonwealth people, lord protector, restricted anglicans and catholics, banned theatre, more powerful than the king, names his son successor but he couldn’t hang onto power, the people demanded a restoration of the monarchy.

Pugachev-led insurrection against Catharine the Great, involved religious dissenters and peasants

Catharine the Great- not russian, german, a pretending enlightened despot, married russian czar and then had him killed b/c he was incompetent, increased system of servitude, gained recognition as protector of the balkan slavs, gained sea access- n coast of black sea.

Ivan the Great- he tripled the territory of his state, ended the dominance of the Golden Horde over the Rus, renovated the Moscow Kremlin, and laid the foundations of the Russian state. He was one of the longest-reigning Russian rulers in history.

Frederick the Great- Prussian King, strengthened monarch’s power, enlightened, created bureaus to compartmentalize government, protected industry, bank of berlin, introduced crops, extremely strong army but hardly used, restructured taxes, lutheran but tolerant,

Joseph 2- Austrian/HRE, freed all serfs, granted wide religious tolerance, catholic but did not allow any control of the pope, great development,

Maria Theresa- ruled austria in her own name, gave religious tolerance, women’s rights, education. Governed for the people, mother of 16 children which almost all went to sit on the most powerful thrones of europe, Joseph 2 was one of them

Versailles- built by louis 14, intended to strip nobles power by bringing them to the king and making them puppets. they did not have any real power and were lavished everyday with feast, shows, and other things, gave the king all power

Galileo- developed a better telescope, validated the heliocentric theory, dialogue concerning the two chief world systems, investigated by the roman inquisition, house arrest, excommunicated, catholic in italy, supported by protestants

The third rome- moscow, 1st-rome, 2nd-constantinople, name given b/c this is where the orthodox church moved after constantinople, also was the seat of a czar(caesar)

Deism- religious philosophy is the belief that reason and observation of the natural world, without the need for organized religion, can determine that the universe is the product of an all-powerful creator. According to deists, the creator does not intervene in human affairs or suspend the natural laws of the universe.

Isaac Newton- British, Principia, made the world explainable, the universe was a machine, calculus, religious

Habeas Corpus- a term that represents an important right granted to individuals. Basically, a writ of habeas corpus is a judicial mandate requiring that a prisoner be brought before the court to determine whether the government has the right to continue detaining them. The individual being held or their representative can petition the court for such a writ. Charles the 2nd In england signed this into law

Window to the West- Peter the Great’s goal to get a year round seaport that can easily access the rest of Europe, he got his wish when he gained land and founded St. Petersburg. Peter moved the Russian seat of government here for a time, defeats Sweden for this land.

Boyars- Russian Nobles, very orthodox, rebelled against Peter, did not want any contact with western Europe, many were killed for going against Peter.

Divine Right- Kings believed that God gave them power to rule and that they could do anything they wanted to because of that, They believed that they were only responsible to God, and not any of their subjects. Produced some very ruthless and bad kings.

Whigs- party that opposed the King of England, mostly anglican, peaceful political party that formed under Charles 2

Tories- anti-king, protestant rights

Mercantilism- trade policy that aimed to export more than export, a main reason for colonization- get raw goods and bring them back to the mother country to sell to the rest of Europe

Autocracy- people wanted more order than a local lord, also the services central government offered appealed to the people. It was caused by disease, war, and lords gaining power and creating strong central governments.

Autocracy

Richelieu- regent for Louis 13, pretty much created the french central government, asserted royal control over the nobility, took away huguenot’s privileges, asserted that france was the dominant european power, expanded royal bureaucracies, started appointments of skilled and learned people instead of inherited power, put down huguenot revolt and opposed them in 30 years war

Mazarin- regent for Louis 14, continues the policies of Richelieu until Louis can govern he continues as chief minister until his death. He was far less popular though because he was italian running the french government. anti hapsburg and expansionist. helped add to french land holdings.

the Fronde- nobel uprising over the crown taking their power, means “slingshot” b/c that was used to break the windows of the royal government. Also to protect the liberty of the parliament and it’s duties from royal encroachment. This uprising created chaos that Louis the 14 put down. Showed that the king could give order that strengthened the crown and proved the crown was sovereign.

Louis 14- “the sun King”, a divine right theorist, he spent all of france’s money reserves and all their inflow, left france in much debt. he was involved in many wars of conquest, but he didn't gain a lot of land in the end b/c the lines were always fluctuating. revoked edict of nantes and expelled huguenots out of the country which greatly harmed the economy b/c they made up a large part of the middle class.created the golden age of french culture. created versailles to strip noble power. great patron of arts, food, science, etc.

Bourbons- french monarch house, henry 4 was first bourbon king of france, originally huguenot but transferred to catholicism for the crown. house rules france until the monarchy is abolished in france. anti hapsburg

Habsburgs- family that ruled the holy roman empire, very catholic, also they ruled spain and austria. very powerful and dominant family in European history. a decedents controlled half of europe by this time(spain, HRE, parts of italy)

Hohenzollerns- Prussian royal family, the electors of brandenburg that gained power and created a very powerful german state. the fredericks and frederick wilhelms kings.

Romanovs- family that ruled russia until the 20th century, michael romanov was elected czar of russia after the previous dynasty failed to produce a surviving heir. interrupted line of divine right monarchs until the communist revolution :(

James 1- king of scotland, but became king of england to fill the spot that Elizabeth left, first Stuart, protestant, not catholic like mother (Mary queen of Scots), KJV bible, jamestown, rejected the right of parliament, strictly divine right, supported by house of lord, but not commons, had to ask parliament for funds to support his extravagant spending. tried to raise illegal funds but was stopped, refused to give right to puritans

Charles 1- more inflexible than father(James 1), had an uprising in scotland-short parliament that was 3 wks tried to make his concede power and had to ask parliament for money he was forced to sign the petition of rights(king under the law, no martial law in peacetime, no imprisonment w/o trial), didn’t call parliament for very long time, long parliament- refused to end session, king sent troops to arrest his criticizers but they escaped, forced people to take side, started english civil war. Eventually beheaded.

Charles 2- son of charles 1, restored as king after the cromwell period, the merry monarch, sat back and didn;t do anything.had to give up significant powers to parliament, signed the magna carta, petition of rights, and agreed to parliaments terms, reinstated anglicanism and no catholics.

James 2- brother of charles 2, forgot about what happened to daddy, tries to restre divine right and tries to restore roman catholicism, dissolved parliament and put son(catholic) in line to be king, overthrown but not killed

William and Mary- invited to england and given throne, protestant and daughter of james 2 first wife, had to sign all of parliament’s terms, they took their armis to fight but that was not needed

Anne- another daughter of james 2, last stuart, united scotland and england, union jack flag, no children, passed throne to closest male relative(son of Sofia and electress of the Hanover area of germany)

George 1- first hanover king, after Anne, german, did not know english, created the “Prime Minister” Position

Sir Robert Walpole-first prime minister of england, appointed by the king(at this time), gave more power to the house of commons while stripping more noble power.

Leopold 1- HRE, defeated turks at the gates at vienna and turned them back, this signaled the decline of the ottoman empire

French Economic Problems- they spent too much, major blow when louis 14 kicked the merchant huguenots out of france, they taxed but it could not support the extravagant spending of the monarchy, these economic problems eventually led to the french revolution,

Cavaliers- supported the king james 1 in the english civil war, north, Anglican,

Roundheads- supported parliaments rights, south, london, better army than king’s, scotland alliance, oliver cromwell lead, puritan

John Locke- his ideas we presented in the petition of rights, life, liberty, and property, social contracts, government by the consent of the governed, very radical stance at this time,

The scientific revolution- great leaps from what was then common knowledge, discoveries in zoology, botany, natural laws, astronomy, etc. started by kings who employed scientist to find out new war methods(led to other discoveries), the reformation encouraged science b/c they mandated literacy they also set a tradition of defying the catholic doctrine, renaissance humanism led to reason, the printing press circulated ideas of the scholars and their work

Francis bacon- creator of the experimental method(scientific method), not really a scientist, created royal society of london, visionary of scientific discovery, wanted discoveries to be made through systematic research not just observations,

Glorious Revolution- when William and Mary led their army to take the english throne but didn't fight. peaceful and bloodless transfer of power from james 2 to his daughter, ushered in a new era of the monarch being under the will of the people.

Henry 4- first bourbon king of france, huguenot but converted to catholicism(“Paris is worth a mass), issued edict of nantes which allowed religious toleration to the huguenots, assassinated and crown passed to another bourbon(would be until french rev)

Thursday, December 8, 2011

Renaissance and Reformation

Dante- The Divine Comedy, Italian Vernacular

Petrarch- Father of the sonnet, understood classics, humainsm

Bocaccio- Decameron, journey from plague, italian life

Giotto- 1st Italian ren. artist, very early, byzantine style, subjects in realistic background, light and shade

Mossachio- The Holy Trinity, effectively uses light and shade, created perspective

Donatello- sculptor, 1st free standing nude, “david”(not the big one”

Brunelleschi- major architect, recreated roman techniques, 1st dome in 1000 yrs, mathematical perspective

Botticelli- Birth of venus, patron-de medici, use of color and mythology

DaVinci- The last Supper, most famous painter, mona lisa

Raphael- School of Athens, located in vatican, classical minds with renaissance, same level

Jon van Iyck- Arnolfini and his Bride, mastery of color and depth, reflection on mirror, oil paint

Bruegel- dutch, low county, peasant scenes(wedding, funeral, feast, etc)

Dürer- wood etching and engravings, sold work on street, did one on erasmus

Palatio- roman revival architecture, venice country estates

Holbein- court painter for Henry 8 and Erasmus

Calvinism- Predestination, capitalism, John Calvin, strict religious environment,

Renaissance-Vasari named it, rebirth of the classical world, enlightenment

Lutheran- priesthood of all believers, 2 sacraments(baptism and Lords supper), no indulgences, no hierarchy of church, salvation by faith alone, only bible

30years war- Bourbons win against Holy roman empire, supremacy of france, decline of hapsburgs

Treaty of Westphalia -ended 30 years war, recognized dutch independence from spain

Church of England - Anglican- basically the catholic church lite, extremely similar in doctrine and traditions but they are not loyal to the pope, only the king. result of king henry 8th’s divorce to catharine of aragon.

Edict of Nantes- gave all christians in france toleration. Catholics, Huguenots, and jews could all worship openly, Henry of Navarre, you can’t kill the other side

Results of Reformation- the protestants, breaks from catholic church by countries, catholic church was no longer supreme, the counter reformation or the push to reform Catholicism, jesuits,

Causes of Humanism- rediscovering of classics during the crusades, and people understanding the meaning. Petrarch decoded that one should live for today. no longer being preoccupied with death

Results of 30 years war, supremacy of france and decline and deconstruction of HRE

Elizabeth 1- last tudor, kept england in a peaceful religious state, moderate protestant for anglican church. her peace transform them into the world power as the rest of europe went around killing each other.

Council of trent- catholic counter reformation council, reaffirmed sacraments and indulgences, reaffirmed the traditions were as important as scripture, outlawed simony and the sale of indulgences, arch/bishops served where they lived, no fees for relics, mass in latin, preaching in vernacular

St. Bartholomew’s day massacre- De’Medici planned to kill huguenot nobles and followers, killed thousands, didn’t kill henry of Navarre the leader

Mary Tudor- Bloody Mary, tried to return England to strict catholicism after father died, daughter of Catharine of aragon, married to Philip 2, queen before elizabeth, sister(1/2)

Peace of Augsburg- stated the local prince would decide local religion, postpones 30 years war

Diet of Worms- trial of Martin Luther as a heretic, he was convicted and considered an outlaw of HRE, would not recant teachings, sentenced to death, saved by Frederick the wise, hid him

Protestant groups- Anabaptist, calvinists, lutherans, anglicans, zwinglian

Florence- center of renaissance, de’medici ruled

Indulgences- acts or payment to the church that would have decreased time in purgatory, reason for the 95 thesis

95 theses- the 95 complaints about the church that martin luther posted to the door of the wittenberg cathedral, began protestant reformation, included sale of indulgences and other things.

French calvinists- huguenots, persecuted, one ascended to the throne and make it legal

innovations in renaissance painting- use of perspective, bright colors(oil), shading, light, realism, etc

Gutenberg- invented movable type and the printing press forever changed the world because ideas were much more easily spread, helped reformation b/c of this

Anabaptist- protestant group who withheld children from infant baptist(very radical), greatly persecuted, many factions in different places, amish and mennonites

puritans- english calvinists, wanted to purify the church from catholic influences, too far gone, went to low countries, started becoming dutch, wanted to stay english, pilgrims

calvinism and social class- calvinists greatly supported capitalism, calvinism identified with the middle to upper class, success=selection, everyone wanted to be successful.

Sunday, November 6, 2011

Evil? No! Medieval!

A few things to note:
This isn't my study guide...so it's not in order. Also, I'm not sure everything is on here, but it's the best I could do last minute! Good luck!


1. The Franks- They are considered to be one of the strongest Germanic groups (if not the strongest). After the fall of Rome they were the most important Germanic tribe. Under their leader Clovis, they converted to Christianity, which gave support to the Pope. Their kingdom eventually turns into the lands of France, but it is beforehand called Gaul.
2. Clovis- He was a brutal and wily warrior who became king of the Franks in AD 481. Clovis became the first Germanic ruler to accept Christianity. That in turn led the Franks to be a Christian people. His military victories and his religious conversion gave his throne stability.
3. Charles Martel- Power in the Frankish Kingdom gradually passed from kings to government officials known as mayors of the palace. In AD 714 Charles Martel or "Charles the Hammer" became mayor of the palace. When Muslim forces threatened Europe, Charles led the successful defense of Tours in France. This victory won him great prestige and ensured that Christianity would remain the dominant religion of Europe.
4. Charlemagne- He is the grandson of Charles Martel, son of Pepin the Short. He is also called Charles the Great. Charlemagne was one of Europe's great monarchs. During his reign Charlemagne nearly doubled the borders of his kingdom to include Germany, France, northern Spain, and most of Italy. This territory would be referred to collectively as the Frankish Empire. Consequently, most western Europeans were ruled by one government and this had not been so since the fall of the Rome. He is crowned by the Pope as the Holy Roman Emperor on 12-25-800, to try to signify a rebirth of the Roman Empire.
5. Muslims, Magyars, and Vikings- Europe was weakened by internal conflicts, especially the Frankish Empire. Invasions from the Muslims, Magyars, and Vikings nearly destroyed them. The Vikings were the most dangerous; these were Germanic people from the land of Scandinavia, which attacked from the North. Though, the Muslims probably conquered the most land, and attacked from the South. The Magyars attacked from the east (Asia).
6. William the Conqueror- He conquered England in 1066 at the Battle of Hastings. He was a Viking, who defeated the Saxons to take over England.
7. Battle of Hastings- This is the battle in 1066 where William the Conqueror gained control of England.
8. Otto the Great- He was from the German tribe of the Saxons. He fought the Magyars from the East. In 962, he becomes the Holy Roman Emperor.
9. Economic Life in the Early Middle Ages- The cities decline and agriculture also falls tremendously. The roads fall into disrepair, and a barter economy replaces the money economy.
10. Feudalism- This is the ties and obligations that bind a vassal to his lord.
11. Manorialism- This is like a money system. The kings would award pieces of property to people who provided services or were loyal.
12. The Church- This basically becomes the center of every person’s life in the Middle Ages. Pope Gregory I really strengthened the power of the Church, and established it with many powers.
13. Gregory I- He is the Pope of the Catholic Church from approx. 590-640 AD. He centralized church administration, advanced the idea of penance, established or reinstated the idea of Purgatory, and is really the first secular and spiritual leader of the Papal States.
14. Benedictines- This is a group of monks that helped institute Latin in the Catholic Church. They also believed in the principles of poverty, chastity, and obedience. They believed you were supposed to follow the abbot of a monastery.
15. Iconoclasm Controversy- This was the controversy over whether there should be any images in holy places or of religious subjects. They believed this was idolatrous, and many people split over this controversy.
16. Cluniac Movement- This was a movement in the early centuries A.D. to reform the more worldly aspects of the clergy.
17. Literacy- Being able to read and write nearly disappears during these next few years, but such works as Beowolf and the History of England come out of this time, though.
18. The Carolingian Renaissance- This is the time period of Charlemagne, where he encourages the knowledge of trades and other subjects, and the establishment of many schools.
The Byzantine Empire
19. Constantinople- This is the center of Byzantine civilization, Constantine moves the capital here and it becomes an important trade city between the East and West.
20. Justinian’s Reign and Influence- He is known for his codification of Roman law. He expands his empire to control much of what used to be the Roman Empire. Though, he spends a lot of money to do this, and loses much of his possessions by the time of his death.
21. The Nika Riot- This is where the city of Constantinople is burned and destroyed under the reign of Justinian, as a rebellion against him. Though, he uses this to help rebuild and beautify Constantinople.
22. Belisarius- He corralled rebels and massacred many thousands by trying to take over the much of the Mediterranean world that had been lost by the Romans. He is a famous general, and leads a last effort to reunite Europe.
23. Church of Santa Sofia- Also known as the Hagia Sophia. It is known as the Church of Holy Wisdom, it is an unbelievable architectural feat, and was built under Justinian.
24. Greek Fire- This was used in many naval battles and would burn many ships to the ground. It could even withstand moderate amounts of water, and still cause flames or a fire.
25. The Macedonian Dynasty- This is the dynasty after Charlemagne. It lasts for about 2 centuries and is a fairly peaceable time. The empire is greatly expanded during this time.
26. Vladimir- He marries the Byzantines emperor’s sister and he sends monks into Russia. So he begins the spread of Christianity throughout Europe.
27. Alexius Comnenus- He is the leader of the Byzantines during the late 11th Century. He is besieged by the Muslims and calls on Pope Urban II to help him in his troubles.
28. Pope Urban II- He is the Pope who calls on Europe to regain the Holy Lands, and the lands around Palestine, known as the Crusades. He also organizes the Council of Clermont to help the Byzantines and to regain the lands of Jerusalem.
29. The Ottoman Turks- They’re the Muslims that lived in the Middle East, and conquered much of the lands of the Byzantines. They consume the Byzantine Empire.
30. Orthodox Christianity- They break with the Roman Catholic Church, and separates the European empire into West and East regions. The East goes against some of the subscribed beliefs of the Western church like in the Nicean Creed and thus establishes the Orthodox Church.
31. Disputes with the West- As mentioned they went against many of the prescribed beliefs like disclaiming the popularity of Mary, and saying that Christ was not a human he was just a divine being.
32. The Five Patriarchs- This is a group of 5 locations with none of them being supreme: Rome, Constantinople, Jerusalem, Antioch, and Alexandria.
33. The Great Schism (1054) - This is the break where the East and West branches of Christianity break apart. You get the Eastern Orthodox and Roman Catholic branches.
34. Cyrillic- This is an alphabet that is developed and mainly used In the Slavic or Russian regions of Europe around the 10th or 11th Centuries.
35. Islamic Civilization- This civilization begins in Arabia, with the teachings of Mohammed. It centers on the religion of Islam, and the belief In the god Allah.
36. Mohammed- He is said to be the Prophet of Islam. He experienced visions in which he heard a voice calling him to be an apostle to the one true deity of Allah. He preached that there is only one God. He also left Mecca, and gained followers in Medina, and then came back and conquered Mecca.
37. Rise of Islam- This starts with the teachings of Mohammed and when he gains followers in Medina and goes back to Mecca where he was born and takes over much of the territory and converts or forces many people to believe in the idea of Islam.
38. Mecca and Medina- These are the two major cities in the life of Mohammad, he was born in Mecca, then traveled to Medina, where he gained supporters. Then he traveled back to Mecca, and it became the center of Islam.
39. The Five Pillars- 1. There is only one God, and Mohammed is his prophet. 2. Every Muslim is to pray five times a day facing Mecca. 3. Every Muslim must perform charitable acts or give to the poor. 4. Every Muslim must fast during the daylight hours of Ramadan. 5. Every Muslim must take a holy pilgrimage to Mecca or support pilgrimages if they are able.
40. The Koran- This is the sacred teachings or the holy book for the religion of Islam.
41. Moral and Social Teachings- They teach in a prohibitionist religion (no alcohol, gambling, etc.) Also, polygamy is accepted with up to 4 wives, only if you can support them and treat them equally.
42. Expansion of Islam- After Mohammed dies, there is a struggle for power, but soon after they establish the leadership for the Muslims, they start to spread their religion mainly be fighting multiple wars and bringing infidels under their power.
43. The Caliphs- Rulers after Mohammed died. They succeeded Mohammed. The first was Abu Bakr.
44. Abu Bakr, Omar, Othman and Ali- This group of caliphs are known as the Rightly Guided Caliphs. They slowly take control of Arabia (Abu Bakr), leads successful campaigns throughout the Byzantine Empire (Omar), the Koran is compiled (Othman), said that the rulers of Islam had to be descendants of Mohammed (Ali)
45. The Omayyad’s- This is a very successful time for the Muslims; they come from Mecca and come after Ali. They had one of the largest empires in history.
46. The Abbasids- They overthrow the Omayyad’s. They are the 3rd Dynasty of Caliphs. They rule from 750-1258, when the Mongols overtake them.
47. Avicenna and Averroes- Avicenna compiled a encyclopedia of medical knowledge and was devoted to the study of Aristotle and Christianity. Averroes compiled commentaries on Aristotle’s work that were used by many western scholars.
48. Culture, Contributions, Art-

The High Middle Ages

49. Agricultural Revolution- With many new developments like the 3 field system and other things, the population grew from about 38 to 75 million.
50. Sources of Power- The two major sources of power are wind and water with the windmill and the waterwheel. They had fallen into disuse during the Early Middle Ages.
51. Climatic Change- From about 750-1200, Europe receives a period of global warming, that helps pick up civilization and makes it grow.
52. The Horse- The horse played a significant role in the development of agriculture as it was more effective than the mule
53. Three Field System – a new innovation switch in agriculture from the 2 field system; One field featured legumes, one field empty, and one field housed oats/wheat.
54. The Manor System -
55. Francis of Assisi (Franciscans) – devote catholic, who gave up his wealth for a live of poverty, based on the guild of Christ’s will. He founded the Franciscan Order, the woman’s Order of St. Clare, and the lay Third Order of Saint Francis
56. Dominicans-
57. The Nobility-
58. Knights-
59. Chivalry- The code of Knighthood. The rules, actions, and manners of a knight. Being courteous, especially towards the ladies.
60. Growth of Urban Life-
61. Guilds- Groups of similar craftsman, who worked together. They would later be the base for universities.
62. Money Economy-
63. The HRE Investiture Controversy-
64. Hapsburgs-
65. German Dynasties-
66. English Dynasties-
67. Henry II-
68. Richard the Lionhearted – Leader of The Third Crusade, made contract with Saladin
69. John-
70. Magna Carta- Signed by king John
71. Edward I and Parliament- Needed the Parliament for Money, but in turn Gave up some of his power to The Parliament
72. Troubadours-
73. The Catastrophic 14th Century- Tempature increase, war; 100 years war, overpopulated cities, Plague
74. France-
75. The Capetians- Oldest and largest Royal house dynasty
76. Hugh Capet- the first King of France of the eponymous Capetian dynasty
77. Louis the Fat- First significant French leader; first member of the house of Cabot
78. Albigensians-
79. Spain –
80. Moorish Spain-
81. Cordoba-
82. Reconquista- Taking back Spain from the Muslims
83. El Cid- Famous Knight who fought against the Muslims in Spain
84. Granada- The last strong hold for the Muslims
85. Teutonic Knights- German Knights who served in the Crusades
86. Tartars-
87. The Church in the High Middle Ages-
88. Cult of the Virgin -
89. The Crusades – Reopened Europe
90. Peter the Hermit – Lead the first crusade, Launched by Pope Urban II at The council of Clermont
91. Saladin- signed contract with Richard The Lion Heart; allowing for Christians to safely travel to the holy lands, controlled by the Muslims
92. Consequences of the Crusades- allowed Europe to “rediscovery trade”
93. Universities-
94. Scholasticism- Based on reasoning
95. St. Anselm, Abelard, Thomas Aquinas-
96. Rediscovery of Aristotle – Made Europeans relies how broad knowledge could go
97. Roger Bacon- He is the English scientist who created the modern scientific method
98. Chunson de Geste - "songs of heroic deeds” are the epic poems that appear at the dawn of French literature

Sunday, October 2, 2011

Rome- Republic, Empire, and the Fall

Etruscans- Rulers of Rome before driven out, harsh kings, led to Rome’s Republic. Northern Italy, literate(can’t be deciphered), driven out because of rape of a virtuous roman woman.

Senate- Governing body of the Roman republic, 100-300 hundred patrician senators, voted on laws for both classes, for a long time no plebeians.

Patricians- Wealthy land owner aristocrats, also the ruling class of the roman republic

Plebeians- The lower class in Rome. Not exactly poor, just not of noble blood or enough land

Tribunes- had the right to convene the plebeian council, and to act as the president. Right to proposed legislation before it. had the power to veto actions taken by magistrates, and specifically to intervene legally on behalf of plebeians. The tribune could also summon the Senate and lay proposals before it.

Punic Wars- 1- Carthage V Rome. Rome won easily b/c of strong navy, won Sicily and other islands off of italy.
2- War of revenge by hannibal, carth. broke the lenient peace treaty the ended the 1st, han led army through spain and down to italy through the alps, elephant guy, fought in/around rome for 10 yrs, Gec. Scipio led army to carthage itself, carth surrendered at zamos. Rome gained west med(including spain)
3- cado- “rome must be destroyed” - 149bc rome launched a preemptive war to totally destroy carthage. killed or enslaved everybody, poured salt on ground to prevent farming

Gracchi Brothers- Gaius and tiberius, formed the populares mvmt. Tiberius- limited land ownership- killed w. chair, gaius- welfare to poor-committed suicide.

Pop. revolt- upper gov. officials lost some power when it was given to the mil. grew into the 12 tables which wrote down law code for the first time since Hammurabi

1st Triumvirate- Caesar, Pompey, and Crassus- three very powerful roman generals. crassus dies, leaved the other 2 to battle for power. caesar was very popular, seized power, became the dictator

Julius Caesar- extremely well liked general who made fame while in Gaul suppressing the celts. Crossed the rubicon, first in a long live of princeps(first citizen) or later on emperors

Pompey- Part of the 1st triumvirate, helped crush the Spartacus rebellion w/ caesar, very powerful general

Brutus and Cassius- thought caesar became too powerful, plotted his assassination. they loved rome more. stabbed 23 time with conspirators, the ides of march
Mark Antony- Caesar’s most trusted general under him, turned rome against assassins, eventually fight Octavian for control of rome, love affair with cleopatra
Octavian- Caesars adopted son, willed estate and army to him, fought Antony for control of rome ,won, senate gave him the title of princep, and renamed him augustus

Augustus- the new name of octavian, the new emperor, maintained republican appearance, gave land out, didnt name successor

Pax Romana- the 1000 years that rome dominated europe, and the time of no major external conflicts or wars.

Justinian- Last that tries to reconnect the western and eastern empires, after he fails, the west goes into the middle ages while the east continues to thrive, codified law- justinian code, compiled roman law, first sine 12 tables.

Virgil- Wrote the Aeneid, linked Grecian history with rome, it was romes duty to govern the world, golden

horace- roman lyric poet during the augustan age, odes, live for today, golden age

Juvenal- satiric, fater of the satires, silver age

Martial- best known for his twelve books of Epigrams, published in Rome between AD 86 and 103, during the reigns of the emperors Domitian, Nerva and Trajan. In these short, witty poems he cheerfully satirises city life and the scandalous activities of his acquaintances, and romanticises his provincial upbringing. He wrote a total of 1,561, of which 1,235 are in elegiac couplets. He is considered to be the creator of the modern epigram.

Romance Languages- the Italic languages subfamily, comprising all the languages that descend from Vulgar Latin, the language of ancient Rome. Spanish Portugeese, french,italian, romanian, catalan- six most popular

Christian Martyrs- St. perpetua and St.felicity, st. perter, ect. people who died by being persecuted for their beliefs.

Constantine- Roman emp who converted to christianity, made it a legal religion, legalized by edict of milan, also the nicene creed that layed out official dogma. Made byzantium the capital.

Diocletion- widespread persecutor of Christians, split empire into for tetrarchies, but two main parts, had four emps, he was the most powerful.

Edict of milan- nicene creed- see above

Patriarchs- leaders of the church in four or five main cities- rome Jerusalem, Antioch, alexandria, constantinople. the one in rome eventually became the papacy, the others stayed as very important bishops. leaders of the church

Christianity- I hope you don’t need this explained to you.

Paul- previously saul, persecuted Christians, converted on road to Damascus, became a disciple, spread Christianity to everyone not just jews. Wrote the epistles, or letters to churches of the roman empire.

Peter- jesus said that he would build the church, one of the original apostles, original pope, st peters basilica, founded important churches of rome

Huns- asiatic barbarians that conquered uncivilized europe on ponyback, drove germanic tribes in the the borders of the roman empire for protection. killed or enslaved their conquered

German tribes- uncivilized, tribe life, no central government, the goths, saxons, franks, the vandals, usually welcomed in previous times, but they ended up contributing to the downfall of the western empire.

Adrianople- goths defeated roman legion, first defeat since the pax romana began. in the balkans

Atila- leader of the huns, very bad guy, liked to ride ponies. very powerful

Odoacer- the first Germanic person to hold the wester roman empire’s title of emporer. 476- the end of western empire.

Theodosius- Made christianity the official state religion of the eastern roman empire. Last emp to rule over both halves of the empire.

Marcus Aruelius- One of the five good emp, philosopher king that plato described, great stoic mind

The Republic- Rome’s greatest accomplishment, patrician senators, and 1 year consuls. eventually gave power to plebeians.

Twelve Tables- written roman law of the republic, served as the constitution and the basis of the republic. very important part of history- law was written and you knew was was illegal.

Cicero- very famous orator, lawyer, and writer of the golden age of Rome. Said to have given latin it’s form.

Trajan- under his reign, rome was at it’s height in land area, first to be born outside of the italian province, public assistance, good relation with his subjects.

Livy- greatest historian(besides shelby) wrote about roman rise to the age of augustus, friend and family of the emperors, he recorded everything this is how we know so much about early roman empire. Golden age

Tacitus- Critic of contemporaries- annals and histories, examined the reigns of tiberius, claudius, and nero, and those who reigned in the year of the four emperors. silver age

Seneca- encouraged stoicism, wrote tragedys and satires. silver age

Ptolemy- famous Alexandrian(Egypt) astronomer during the augustan age. Formed a heliocentric view.

Galen- wrote encyclopedia of medical knowledge, became the basis of medicine throughout the middle ages

Rome’s Fall- population decline, rise of christianity(central gov. lost power to the church), large debt, weak and unskilled emps, declining wealth to the east, invader(germanic) civil war, loss of democratic rights, inflation, too large, over taxation, low birth rates, cynicism of ruling class, no means of stable succession

Epistles- leters paul wrote to the churches of the roman empire laying out common practices and beliefs that form the Christian faith.

St. Jerome- studied greek and roman lit, retreated from world to a monastery in Bethlehem, translated bible into latin. the vulgate, or st. jerome’s bible, the bible which catholicism is based on.

St. augustine- not raised Christian, studied rhetoric and moved to rome, baptized by st. ambrose, a skeptic, Confession-personal struggle with evil, City of god- there are two cities- worldly and heavenly, forms basis for medieval christianity

Sunday, September 11, 2011

Let's Get Hellenistic-Lecture Test II

I. Minoans: Created civilization on island of Crete. They were either destroyed by volcanic eruption or Myceneans. Entered Bronze Age. Built palace at Kinolsis.

II. Crete: Island in Agean Sea where Minoans lived.

III. Homer: “Blind Bard”-The Illiad & The Odyssey-considered most famous epic poet.

IV. Illiad & Odyssey: Two epic poems by Homer. Basis for Greek life-taught to all. Illiad: 10 year siege of the city of Troy. Odyssey: Odysseus (a warrior) travels home-takes 10 years.

V. Dorians: Invaded Greece from the North & settled on Peloponnesus. Became Spartans. After their invasion, Greece entered the Dark Ages.

VI. Parts of a city-state: Acropolis (temple, highest point), Agora (market place), and farms

VII. Greek Religion: Polytheistic, Sophistry, Epicureanism, and Stoicism

VIII. Pericles: Leader of Athens during Golden Age-great orator

IX. *Patricians: Aristocratic class-could be in Senate (They are Roman)

X. *Plebians: Middle class & poor of Rome

XI. Democracy: Birthplace is in Athens, rule by people, Cleisthenes is considered the father

XII. Athens: Birthplace of democracy and philosophy

XIII. Sparta: Peloponnesus. Military state-paranoid.

XIV. Helots: Slaves of Sparta

XV. Peloponnesus: Peninsula of Sparta

XVI. Delphi: Oracle of Greece-located at Temple of Apollo

XVII. Olympics: 776 BC-every 4 years-rivalry between city-states-gave credit to individuals

XVIII. Zeus: King of gods-lived on top of Mt. Olympus

XIX. Battles of Persian Wars: Thermopalye and Marathon

XX. Greek art-characteristics: Idealistic-“perfect human form”-celebration of the nude

XXI. Theatre of Dinoysus: Tragedy and comedy festival-playwrights-awards were given

XXII. Aeschylus: playwright-themes of pride and arrogance-Orestia Trilogy-father of the tragedy

XXIII. Sophocles: playwright -themes of the struggle for knowledge-Theban Trilogy-Oedipus Rex

XXIV. Euripides: playwright-themes of man not being in control-Medea

XXV. Aristophanes: father of Greek comedy, The Clouds/Birds/Frogs-satirical works

XXVI. Herodotus: Father of modern history-wrote about Persian Wars

XXVII. Thucydides: Factual, disregarded myths-wrote about the Peloponnesian War

XXVIII. Hippocrates: Father of modern medical science-attributed disease to natural cause

XXIX. Sophist: Truth = relative, “wisdom munger”, associate with Protagorous saying “man is the measure of all things”

XXX. Socrates: Father of modern philosophy-wrote questioning dialects-forced to drink hemlock for “corrupting youth”

XXXI. Plato: wrote “The Republic”-believed in Universal Truth-father of idealism-established The Academy

XXXII. Aristotle: tutored Alexander the Great-father of biology-opened Lyceum school

XXXIII. Peloponnesian War: Sparta vs Athens-Sparta wins due to plague in Athens-ends Greek Classical Age

XXXIV. Philip of Macedonia: Forced Greece to unify-began mission to conquer Persia

XXXV. Alexander the Great: Conquered Persians and Syria-created largest empire-est. Alexandria cities-wherever he went, he took Greek culture-died young-leaving his generals to fight over his kingdom

XXXVI. Stoics: Reasoning—not emotions, founder is Zeno-met in Stoa-accept all indifferently

XXXVII. Epicureans: founded by Epicuras-help people find happiness-no public affairs-seek pleasure, avoid pain

OTHERS-Not on study guide, but Peck said they were on the test…well, he thought so anyway…

1. Cynics: founded by Diogenes-big downers

2. Euclid: elements of geometry

3. Ptolemy: Algamist-basis of astronomy

4. Eristosthanes: circumference of the Earth, studied geography

5. Archimedes: Physics-levers, screws-calculated Pi

6. Hippoarcras: dvlp. Latitude and longitude

7. Aristocaras: dvlp. Heliocentric view of the Earth

8. Plato’s Republic 3 classes: Reason (philosophers), Spirit (warriors), and Appetite (middle class)

9. Solon: reformed the laws of Athens-state was the enforcers of justice

10. Draco: wrote 1st Athens law code

11. Hesiod: Works & Days, Theogony-wrote about daily life

12. Delian League: 150 Greek city-states

13. Cult of Isis: Like the Egyptian cult-offered marriage and life after death